Mohammad Ali Farhadi

      پژوهش حاضر با تمركز بر منطقه كِسراي شهر كرمانشاه، به واكاوي فضاهاي مصرف و نقش آن‌ها در حيات شهري مي‌پردازد. هدف اصلي تحقيق، شناخت ويژگي‌ها و پيامدهاي اين فضاها و بررسي نحوه اثرگذاري آن‌ها بر تجربه زيسته شهروندان است. براي اين منظور، پژوهش بر دو پارادايم نظري استوار است: نخست «مصرف به‌مثابه هويت» كه با بهره‌گيري از نظريات بورديو، وبلن و فدرستون به بازنمايي مصرف در قالب بازتوليد هويت و تمايز اجتماعي مي‌پردازد؛ و دوم «مصرف به‌مثابه بيگانگي» كه با اتكا به ديدگاه‌هاي بودريار و لوفور، مصرف را به‌عنوان امري منجر به ازخودبيگانگي، انقطاع اجتماعي و سلطه ساختارهاي كالايي تحليل مي‌كند. روش پژوهش اتنوگرافي است، و فنون گردآوري داده‌ها از طريق مشاهده، مصاحبه‌ و استفاده از تكنيك تجزيه و تحليل گردآوري شده‌اند. يافته‌ها در سه بخش اصلي ارائه شده است:   بخش اول شكل‌گيري و تحول فضاهاي مصرف در كسرا: در اين بخش ضمن توصيف واقعيت جغرافيايي منطقه و خيابان كسرا، به تبيين فرايندهاي تاريخي و كالبدي شكل‌گيري فضاهاي مصرف پرداخته مي‌شود.   بخش دوم انواع ساكنان و تجربه زيسته آن‌ها: ساكنان كسرا به دو دسته اصلي تقسيم شده‌اند؛ ساكنان قديمي (با سابقه بيش از ده سال سكونت) و ساكنان جديد (كمتر از ده سال سكونت). بررسي مقايسه‌اي نشان مي‌دهد كه اين دو گروه ادراك‌ها و شيوه‌هاي متفاوتي از فضاهاي مصرف دارند كه بر روابط اجتماعي و كيفيت حيات شهري اثرگذار است.   بخش سوم: پيامدهاي مصرف در كسرا: يافته‌ها حاكي از آن است كه فضاهاي مصرف در كسرا پيامدهاي چندگانه‌اي به همراه دارند؛ از جمله تضعيف بازارهاي خرده‌فروشي ، ايجاد استرس و اضطراب در ساكنان، محدودسازي روابط انساني و … . اين پيامدها نشان مي‌دهد كه مصرف در اين منطقه، همزمان با شكل‌گيري الگوهاي جديد هويتي، مي‌تواند به تشديد گسست‌هاي اجتماعي و فرهنگي منجر شود. نتايج پژوهش بيانگر آن است كه فضاهاي مصرف در كسرا نه‌تنها عرصه‌اي براي بازتوليد هويت و تمايز اجتماعي هستند، بلكه به‌مثابه مكان‌هايي عمل مي‌كنند كه امكان بيگانگي، انقطاع و محدوديت در روابط اجتماعي را نيز به همراه دارند. واژگان كليدي: مصرف‌گرايي، مال‌ها، بوتيك‌ها، هويت، بيگانگي، شهر

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  رشد بي سابقه و اهميت جهاني بيت كوين و طلا علاقه به درك

  Today, we are witnessing the spread of medicine in all aspects of human life, and indeed, as in the past, the criterion for referring to doctors is not only physical pain and suffering, but we must also refer to a doctor to become beautiful. In this regard, medicine has penetrated all aspects of people's lives and has also defined health and beauty. So new concepts such as; beauty medicine have been formed. As is evident from this concept, medicine has strengthened its special position more than ever before, and today it is medicine that defines the concepts of beauty and ugliness. The discourse of medicalization has become so widespread in society that it has convinced us with its own ideologies to refer to a doctor for the slightest symptom in our bodies, whether in the field of health or beauty. Doctors are supposedly the guardians of our lives and minds, but in fact they are the thieves of our lives and minds, and above all, our money. The research method in this study has been critical, and our criticism is of the discourse that has caused medicine to interfere in all aspects of human life and force us to realize that no human being is healthy and everyone needs treatment. The aim of this research is to study the relationship between neoliberalism and medicalization. Keywords: aesthetic medicine, discourse, ideology, medicalization, neoliberalism

   In the current research, the impact of professional doubt and independence of the auditor on the professional judgment of auditors has been studied. For this purpose, first the effect of auditor independence on professional doubt, moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral intention and ethical action was discussed and then the effect of professional doubt on ethical sensitivity, moral judgment, moral intention and ethical action of auditors was analyzed. The current research is in the descriptive-correlational research group in terms of its practical purpose and data collection method. Also, the statistical population of the current study includes all auditors who are members of the Certified Public Accountants Society of Iran, and 375 people were selected as a statistical sample using Morgan table sampling and simple random sampling method. Structural transaction methods and PLS software were used to check the hypotheses. For this purpose, the descriptive statistics and validity and reliability of the research variables were investigated first, and then the hypotheses of the research were investigated using PLS software and the structural equation method. The results obtained in this research showed that the auditor's moral sensitivity has a significant effect on his moral judgment. Also, the auditor's moral judgment has a significant effect on his moral intention. The auditor's moral intention also has a significant effect on his ethical action, and the auditor's independence has a significant effect on his ethical decision-making. In addition, the auditor's professional doubt has a significant effect on his ethical decision-making, and finally, the auditor's independence has a significant effect on his professional doubt.

      Abstract

Many digital businesses face challenges such as accurate analysis of consumer behavior, personalization of advertising, and optimization of marketing strategies. This thesis examines how these challenges can be overcome and marketing decisions can be improved by using artificial intelligence models. In this research, a survey method and a questionnaire tool were used to collect data. The statistical population includes managers and marketing experts in digital businesses. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software to examine the impact of using artificial intelligence on marketing decisions. The objectives of this research are to identify the benefits and challenges of using artificial intelligence in digital marketing, to present efficient models of using artificial intelligence in marketing decision-making, to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing campaigns. and to propose solutions for optimizing marketing strategies using artificial intelligence. The results of this research show that the use of artificial intelligence can lead to improved accuracy in data analysis, increased customer satisfaction, and optimization of marketing strategies. The findings of this research can help digital businesses make smarter decisions and improve marketing performance. Keyword: Investigating the model of using artificial intelligence on marketing decisions in digital businesses

رسال? پيش رو پژوهشي است دربار? تحليل مردم نگاران? «مور» و «مورخواني» نزد ايل كاكاوند در شهر هرسين و روستاهاي مجاور. چارچوب مفهومي پژوهش، «گفته»، «چندصدايي» و «بينامتنيت» در انديش? ميخاييل باختين است. روش پژوهش تركيبي از مردم نگاري و تحليل متن است. فنون گردآوري داده‌ها مشاهد? مشاركتي و مصاحب? عميق و بررسي اسناد است. فنون تجزيه و تحليل در حيط? مردم نگاري توصيف، تحليل و تفسير و در حيط? تحليل متن مقوله ‌بندي «كليمه‌ها» (اشعار) است. در اين پژوهش پس از گردآوري، آوانگاري و دسته بندي كليمه‌ها، ارجاعات اجتماعي مور استخراج شده و اجراي مور به مثابه گفته مورد تحليل قرار گرفته است. آنگاه با تكيه بر مفاهيم تئوريك «گفته»، «بينامتنيت» و «چند صدايي» متن مورها تحليل و بررسي شده است. يافته‌ها نشان مي‌دهد كه مور با پيش متن‌هاي مختلفي از قبيل آثار و متون ادبي، ديني و ... ارتباط بينامتني دارد و با شاهنامه فردوسي بيشترين ارتباط بينامتني را داراست و با تكيه بر نتايج حاصل از پژوهش و تعاريف باختين از چند صدايي و اهميت تقسيم صدا ميان افراد جامعه براي به وجود آمدن فضاي چندصدايي، مي‌توان ادعا كرد كه مور واجد امكانات چند صدايي بوده و متني گفتگومند است.  

Regulating labor relations with the passage of time and considering the expansion of industrial and production units and the industrialization of societies is an undeniable necessity. This is despite the fact that legal relations and regulations in the field of work are highly sensitive, because this not only has a significant impact on the life, livelihood and well-being of many active members of the society, but it can also affect the economic growth or decline of a society. be Iran's labor law has significant defects and errors, and for this reason, it has distanced itself from international standards in many cases. Considering the goal of reducing the unemployment rate in the fourth development program of the country, the necessity of analyzing the labor force and the existing laws related to this force should be considered. The need to review and compile this law in our country in order to improve job security and adapt and model this law with updated and developed laws such as the rules and regulations of England, seems necessary and necessary. In this research, we intend to examine the legal gaps that exist around work and workers in Iran and compare and adapt the existing laws with international standards (labor law) and developed countries such as England, and in this way take a step towards the progress of the labor force in the country.   

  The main problem of this research is to analyze and investigate non-communicable and chronic diseases as a social issue. Contrary to the approach of medicalization that limits non-communicable diseases to individual and biological factors, in this research it has been argued that social relations, including political economy relations, play the main role in contracting these diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made to analyze non-communicable diseases in their entirety. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to reveal the social, economic and political dimensions of non-communicable diseases and emphasize the fact that non-communicable diseases have a class and social pattern. The current research method is critical and relies on political economy. The technique of data collection is documentary and the method of data analysis is also theoretical. Research findings show that the main risk factors of chronic diseases include unhealthy diet, inactivity, smoking, exposure to environmental pollution, and the distribution of these factors is influenced by social relations and socio-economic factors. Because the level of access and benefit of different strata and groups to the desired level of health requires a high social and economic status. This means that the more people have a higher class status, the healthier their lifestyle will be. Therefore, the risk factors of non-communicable diseases threaten the lower classes of society more. Adopting a social and political economy approach towards non-communicable and chronic diseases causes the identification of structural factors of society and the way of distribution of wealth and resources in society instead of individual and biological factors. From this point of view, the control of this disease requires fundamental social changes.

  Carpet is one of the Dari weaves that is popular in most areas of Kermanshah province. The most famous rugs of Kermanshah are woven in Harsin city. Harsin rugs are always famous and popular. The designs used in Harsin rugs are generally the mind of the weaver, which is the product of the weaver's taste, nature, and living environment. This research deals with the carpet production process in Hersin city. The theoretical approach of this research is based on Karl Marx. The research method is ethnography and data collection techniques are observation and interview. The findings of the research are: First part: This part deals with the history of Harsin rugs and Harsin rugs. Harsin rugs are one of the best types of rugs in Iran, which is different from products from other parts of the country. The weaving of this rug is done in a special way and high quality wool yarn and vegetable dyes are used. The second part introduces the geographical and economic location of Hersin. The third part of this research examines raw materials and tools for making rugs in Hersin city It was discussed that the findings show that the tools and raw materials of Hersin rugs are used traditionally with limited changes. In the fourth part, it examines the production of rugs in Hersin city, and the findings of the research indicate that the ownership of tools and raw materials in the workshops It is a centralized production, owned by the founders and owned by the weavers in the home workshops. The fifth section: In the fifth section, rugs were analyzed as a commodity. From their nature and beliefs, they weave mental and diverse images on rugs. The sixth part of the research also examines the importance of handicrafts, especially rug weaving in Hersin city. The results indicate that carpet production in Hersin city is done in two forms, consumption and gift, and currently, the purchase of carpets is done in retail and wholesale form by capitalists, brokers and individuals.

  The labor market in Iran is one of the most important relationships that determine social systems, and by analyzing it, the intertwined economic and social processes can be explained. The situation of women in the labor market is much more complicated and little research has been done about it. Meanwhile, divorced women have a unique situation that this research tries to explain part of the relationships governing the work of divorced women in Kermanshah. The inferiority of women in the labor market and social relations by intensifying each other has created a different situation that whatever is established for the workforce has become more intense in the case of women. Divorced women are at the bottom of the labor market and are exploited in v

   Abstract he phenomenon of body management and cosmetic surgery has attracted the attention   of Iranian women, including Ahvaz women, in recent years. In today's era, manipulating and regularly controlling the body has become a new tool for building a personal identity. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the economic and social consequences of cosmetic surgery among women. The method of qualitative research and the method of data collection was interviews with 20 women aged 15 to 55 in Ahvaz. Based on the analysis of the interviews and the concepts extracted from it, there are 57 conceptual codes, two categories of economic and social consequences, three main themes and 18 sub-themes. These concepts were logically related to each other. Body management as a social phenomenon has positive and negative consequences that has been able to influence the socio-economic relations of the individual and the family. The evidence shows that working and educated women, by manipulating their bodies, produced the most results such as career promotion, entrepreneurship, change of work relations, change of family relations, which led to important social economic changes at the level They became society. Keywords: body management, surgery and cosmetic procedures, economic and social consequences      

   چكيده اين پژوهش به بررسي چگونگي تكوين محله آناهيتا در شهر كرمانشاه مي‌پردازد. رويكرد نظري پژوهش مبتني بر آراء هانري لوفور در باب «توليد فضا» است. از نظريات و مفاهيم اين نظريه‎پرداز، جهت شرح روندهاي شكل‌گيري اين محله در قالب سه بُعد فضايي (بازنمايي فضايي، فضاي بازنمايي و عمل فضايي) و حق بر شهر سود جسته‌ايم. روش مورد استفاده اتنوگرافي است و تكنيك گردآوري داده‌ها شامل مشاهده، مصاحبه، تجربه زيسته و نقشه‌هاي ذهني است. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان‌دهنده آن است كه اين محله در سه مقطع و برهه زماني شكل گرفته است. ابتدا در سال 1357 ساخت آن شروع شد كه مبتني بر طرح جامع 1352 بود و با انقلاب 1357 ناتمام ماند. در سال 1359 با شروع جنگ عراق عليه ايران، اين شهرك به محل اسكان آوارگان جنگي زير نظر بنياد امور مهاجرين جنگ تحميلي تبديل شد. با پايان جنگ، اين محله به شهرداري واگذار گرديد كه با بي‌توجهي مديران شهري و ساخت‌وسازهاي بي‌ضابطه كه با شيوه‌هاي مختلف (تصرف عدواني، تصرف خزنده) صورت مي‌گرفت، تبديل به يك سكونتگاه غيررسمي و حاشيه‌اي شد. بر اين اساس آنچه در روند تكوين اين شهرك با توجه به آراي هانري لوفور اهميت دارد، بُعد دوم يعني فضاي بازنمايي است و گواه اين امر كه محله آناهيتا در غياب مديران و برنامه‌ريزان شهري به صورت خودجوش و از درون زندگي روزمره تكوين يافته است. كليدواژه‌ها:   آناهيتا، جنگ، مهاجرين، قصرشيرين، فضاي بازنمايي.

   Abstract: The purpose of the research: The current research is presented with the aim of providing effective solutions on the ranking of Razi University based on the indicators and criteria of the Islamic World Science Reference Database, which is of great importance to examine the effects of each of them in improving the position of Razi University at the national and international level. Research Methodology: The current research is of applied type using qualitative analysis and survey methods. Qualitative analysis was done through interviews and survey analysis through questionnaires. The statistical population in the qualitative section, including managers of the vice-chancellors and faculty members of Razi University, including 46 people, was interviewed. In the quantitative part of the statistical community consisting of 453 faculty members, samples based on Morgan's table consisting of 208 faculty members were selected and selected by random sampling method from each faculty. For the validity of the questionnaire, the formal and content methods were used. For this purpose, 30 questionnaires were first distributed among faculty members, and after minor changes and removal of several items, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. For reliability, Cronbach's alpha method with S. P. S. S was used in a sample of 30, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.972. Research findings: The results of the data analysis in the qualitative section showed that from the point of view of Razi University administrators, the reasons for the university's rank reduction are: lack of documentation of data and information, change in the weight of AI indicators. S. C, neglecting the technology index, weakness in the internationalization index. In the quantitative analysis section, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the university were obtained using SWAT analysis. Here are the most important solutions in each index 1. Education indicator: encouraging groups and professors to develop new courses, holding training courses for professors in order to familiarize themselves with new educational methods 2. Research index: planning to create motivation and common discourse among the members of the faculty, compiling the guidelines for the production of superior science 3. Technology and innovation index: providing a basis for providing scientific and consulting services to the society, using the potential of retired university personnel who in some cases have a good position 4. An international indicator: supporting the holding of national and international workshops and conferences, expanding joint research with professors of international scientific institutions, strengthening joint research institutions with foreign research institutions 5. Economic impact index: formation of specialized groups to carry out interdisciplinary projects, training and encouraging students to form knowledge-based cores 6. Social services, infrastructure and facilities index: more support and supervision of the activities of the student scientific association and providing effective and efficient consultations in this Background. Conclusion: The present study uses SWAT analysis to examine and analyze the internal and external factors of Razi University and develop strategies to improve the university's position in the AI ??ranking system. S. Thirty were done. The final analysis of the results is that Razi University should change the current situation and try to reduce the weaknesses as much as possible and overcome possible threats by implementing constructive actions and activities. It also provided an opportunity to take advantage of the strengths and opportunities ahead in the best possible way to realize their goals and visions. Keywords:

  Abstract:The purpose of the research: it is necessary to present a coherent plan that identifies and analyzes the views of professors on this matter. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the opinion of the professors of social sciences and humanities faculties of Razi University about the rules and promotion process of faculty members in order to improve the evaluation status of professors of social sciences and humanities faculties of Razi University. The system of promotion of faculty members is leading the university and society towards development.Research method: The validity of a research is in choosing the best method to do it. The current research is of applied type. The research approach is qualitative and the content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Qualitative research requires systematic collection, organization and interpretation of the materials obtained from interviews with faculty members. The statistical population of the research is the faculty members of social sciences and humanities faculties of Razi University of Kermanshah, which considering the nature of the research, the best way to achieve the result is to use the point of view of experts in this field. Findings: The findings show that the answers of professors were categorized into four axes, the first axis expresses the opinions of professors about the existing rules in the promotion process. The opinion of the interviewees in the second axis is to express criticism and opinions and challenges facing these two fields. Regarding the strengths of the regulation and its issues that were discussed in the third axis and the opinion of the professors, they pointed out the rise of the scientific rank of the country in the world and in the region. The fourth axis was the consequence of the laws and the current promotion process in the lives of the professors. The professors mentioned the stress and anxiety in their work and personal life in the fourth axis and tried to improve the promotion process.Conclusion: The laws, process and all aspects of promotion should be reviewed in a systematic way. Fixing the weak points and challenges, paying attention to the criticism and opinions of faculty members, providing a solution to improve the rules and the promotion process, paying attention to the strengths of the promotion regulation should be on the agenda.Keywords: faculty members, field of social and human sciences, Razi University, promotion rules, promotion process, qualitative content analysis.   

Urbanization and industrialization are two important economic phenomena that have a complementary relationship, therefore, in favorable economic structures, urbanization is the source of inputs and the market for industrial products, and industry is able to meet the needs of urbanization, in this regard, the present research using statistical evidence of the provinces Iran investigates the relationship between urbanization and industrialization for the period 1390-1398 and using the systemic generalized moments approach, the results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between urbanization and industrialization in Iran's economy, in addition to this growth Industrialization has caused the growth of urbanization, and the growth of urbanization has caused an increase in industrialization due to the spillover effects of technology and knowledge among the workforce. Also, human capital and the ratio of credits have a positive and significant effect on urbanization, and economic growth has increased industrialization, so improving the quality of human capital, focusing credits on value-added activities is the most important policy to improve the relationship between industrialization and urbanization.  

چكيده روند رو به رشد تجرد درميان دختران در جامعه­ي ايران رو به افزايش است، به طور سنتي در خصوص تجرد دختران كليشه­هايي وجود دارد، بسياري معتقدند براي ادامه زندگي يك زن، وجود يك مرد و ازدواج ضروري و لازم است. اين شرط از جامعه­اي به جامعه­ي ديگر و حتي برهه­اي از زمان، نسبت به زمان ديگر متفاوت خواهد بود. در اين راستا اين پژوهش با ورود به دنياي دختران مجرد بالاي 30 سال سعي دارد به واقعيت تجربه­ي زيسته آنان از تأخير در ازدواج با توجه به تفاوت­هاي موقعيتي آن­ها دست يابد ، و تجربه زيسته دختران مجرد و نوع نگاه به زندگي آنان را طبق خود شناسه و شناسنده، به نوعي از نگاه خود و از نگاه ديگران مورد كنكاش قرار دهد. بدين منظور از نظريه برگر و لاكمن، نظريه گيدنز در رابطه با تغيير در خانواده و نوع روابط، نظريه مدرنيزاسيون و .... استفاده شده است. بنابراين به تناسب آن با رويكرد پديدارشناسي به بررسي تجربه زيسته دختران مجرد بالاي 30 سال شهر كرمانشاه پرداخته و با 22 نفر از دختران مجرد كه با پديده تأخير در ازدواج مواجه هستند مصاحبه شده است.   نتايج را طبق مقولات خانواده (سنتي و مدرن)، تحصيل در دو زير گروه ( زيرديپلم و آكادميك)، وضعيت شغلي (دولتي، آزاد، خانه­دار)، نوع طبقه (مرفه، متوسط، فرودست)، بُعد خانوار (تنها، كم­جمعيت، پرجمعيت)   دسته­بندي كرده و تأثير رسانه به عنوان يك وسيله همگاني بر نگرش افراد مورد توجه قرار گرفته است و همچنين تجربيات مثبت و منفي مشترك در همه­ي دختران با وجود تفاوت­هاي موجود در زندگي آن­ها نيز مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. يافته­هاي پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه با توجه به موقعيت، افراد زيست­جها­ن­هاي متفاوتي را تجربه مي­كنند و نوع نگرش آن­ها به ازدواج بسته به شرايط آن­ها متفاوت است. دختران مجرد در خانواده مدرن، با تحصيلات آكادميك، شاغل، طبقه­ي بالا، خانواده كم جمعيت و تنها، نسبت به دختران مجرد در خانواده سنتي، با تحصيلات كم، بيكار ، طبقه پايين و در خانواده پرجمعيت موقعيت بهتري دارند. رسانه­ها نيز به عنوان ابزار تأثيرگذار باعث تغيير در نگرش افراد، تغيير در روابط و ... شده­اند. جداي از تفاوت­هاي كه در   تجربه دختران هست، تجارب مشتركي همچون آزادي و حس تنهايي و... در آن­ها ديده مي­شود.       كليدواژه:   دختران مجرد، تجربه­ي زيسته، زيست­جهان، نگرش متفاوت، پديدارشناسي.

   در سده دوازده­خورشيدي، شهر كرمانشاه از شهرهاي مهم سرحدات عثماني و ايران بود. اين شهر به عامليت تجار، ديوان­سالاران و روحانيون، به يك شهر مهم تجاري در غرب ايران بدل شد. از آن زمان تا واخر سده چهارده خورشيدي، كرمانشاه اوج و فرودهاي گسترده­اي را از سر گذراند. اگرچه زمينه كلي معيشت استان (ايالت سابق) متكي به كشاورزي بود ولي شهر ماهيتي غالبا تجاري بروكراتيك داشت و دارد. كالبد شهر از گذار از شيوه توليد پيشاسرمايه تا دوران تثبيت­يافته­تر سرمايه­داري شكل يافت. در اين ميان، يكي از محلات كنوني شهر كرمانشاه، محله بيست و دو بهمن است كه ساخت آن از دهه چهل خورشيدي سده چهاردهم آغاز شد و امروزه به يكي از مراكز تمركز سرمايه بدل شده­است. از اين منظر مسئله پژوهش حاضر با عنوان "تاريخ زمين   در كرمانشاه (از دوران قاجار تا جمهوري­اسلامي)"، فهم چگونگي شكل­يابي شهر كرمانشاه با محوريت محله بيست و دو بهمن، در اين برهه است. براي فهم چگونگي اين تغييرات و زمينه­ اين شكل­يابي نياز است كه در پهنه­اي عميق­تر به مسئله پرداخت شود. مكتوب حاضر متكي به آراي ديويد هاروي است. هاروي بر اين باور است كه سرمايه براي باز توليدش بايد شهري شود و اين امر از رهگذر سه چرخه سرمايه امكان پذير مي­شود. روش پژوهش حاضر تاريخي است كه با اتكا به اسناد، گزارش­ها و سفرنامه­ها به تحليل و بررسي موضوع مود نظر پرداخته شده­است. علاوه بر آن جهت بررسي برخي ابعاد مسئله، با 76 نفر مصاحبه نيمه­ساختار يافته­ انجام شد. مشاهده توصيفي نيز از ديگر تكنيك­هاي مورد استفاده در اين پژوهش است. نتايج پژوهش حاكي از اين امر است كه شكل­يابي شهر از رهگذر خواست حكومت رخ داده­است. اعيان­سازي، جداگزيني لازمه بقاي سرمايه است و مسئله زمين در ادامه تضاد كار و سرمايه قابل فهم است. مادامي كه كار، در فرايند چپاول و بي ارزش شدن است، زمين در خدمت سرمايه و قوام­بخش آن است و توسعه افسانه­ايست كه كاركرد اصليش تعميق مناسبات سرمايه و افزايش ضريب استثمار است و سلب مالكيت از نيروكار را تا سرحد امكان پيش­ مي­برد و خانه­ به دوشي در پرت افتاده­ترين نقاط از سرمايه، وضعيت معمول و مطلوب نيروي كار مي­شود و اين­ها در بستر تاريخي رخ مي­دهد كه در آن، از زمان زايش دولت مدرن در ايران، دولت و سرمايه اين­همان بوده­اند. كليد واژگان: كرمانشاه، زمين، پيشاسرمايه­داري، سرمايه­داري، كار.   

Today, with the increase in the number of divorces and remarriages, the issue of stepchildren and paying attention to psychological structures in upbringing, education and mental health issues of them and other family members is one of the important issues in psychological societies, especially in developed or developing countries. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between resilience and sexual knowledge with marital intimacy in couples with stepchildren. In terms of its practical purpose, this research is descriptive-survey in nature and causal-correlation in its implementation. The statistical population of this research includes all couples with stepchildren in Kermanshah city. In the present study, the sample members were selected from the main population using available sampling method. Among the sample members, 200 parents (100 female parents and 100 male parents) were selected based on the entry criteria. The method of selection and access to the sample members was through finding information on families that have stepchildren through schools (with the help of the school principal and counselor ), through counseling and psychology centers (through the cooperation of the director of the centers and the cooperation of the clients) and also through the acquaintance of the researcher through family and friends. To collect data from the Marital Intimacy Questionnaires of Walker and Thompson (1983), Emotion regulation by Granfsky et al. (2001), resilience by Connor and Davidson (2003), sexual knowledge by Anne Hooper (1992) were used. The sample people examined due to the conditions of the corona disease online to the questionnaires designed in the Google website form. answered the questions. To check the normality and correlation between the research variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Pearson correlation test were used, respectively. Also, the structural equation model was used to test the research hypotheses. To analyze the data, the IBM AMOS 24 software was used. The results showed that resilience and sexual knowledge They have a significant relationship directly with marital intimacy (p?0.05). Also, the results showed that cognitive emotion regulation has a significant relationship with marital intimacy in couples with stepchildren (p?0.05). Other results showed that cognitive emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between resilience and sexual knowledge with marital intimacy in couples with stepchildren (p?0.05). Based on this, it can be concluded that since troubled relationships and problems between couples affect children, paying attention to the intimacy of couples and teaching structures such as resilience, sexual knowledge, and helping to regulate emotions in couples can help create intimacy between couples. Be influential with the stepchild.   

  Infertility can actually be a complex crisis in life. This painful phenomenon is psychologically threatening for couples and emotionally stressful for them, and it causes extreme stress for couples in cultures around the world. The purpose of this research was to determine coping strategies of infertile women against individual, family and social stressors caused by infertility. The current research was a descriptive study with a qualitative phenomenological methodology. The statistical population of the present study included women who had experience of infertility and referred to medical and health centers in Ilam city for the treatment of this problem and were willing to participate in the research and conduct interviews. The sampling method in this study was targeted and accessible sampling and continued until data saturation. An in-depth unstructured interview was used to collect data. It should be noted that 14 people were interviewed in this research. After conducting the interview process and implementing the interviews on paper, Colaizzi's seven-step content analysis method was used to analyze the text of the interviews. In the open coding phase, 61 codes were extracted. In the central coding stage, 9 subcategories were spiritual justification, avoidance and escape, problem solving strategy, downplaying the importance of the child, hiding infertility, ending social relations and isolation, social support, family support, asking for support and Professional treatment. Finally, through selective coding, two

  Due to its size, thisorganization is influenced by other institutions and one other hand how itoperates effects the development process of societies the world isreaching   developing countries, includingIran. Our aim in this dissertation is to study how the impact of privatizationon education and its dimensions and consequences, becausethe present study looks at the privatization of education from a criticalperspective, the method by this how can we examine   the privatization of education and itsconsequences from a political economy perspective.The tools used in this method also includeddocumenting upstream information to reveal the source of macro decisions at thenational   level as well as interviewtools that were done in a semi structured way and analyzed in the from ofcontextual construction.The finding of the research and data analysisas well as the main premise of the dissertation are based on the fact that dueto the high   costs out sourced to thelogic of profit to prevail and the education of the power and wealth of capitalowners to be placed in the private sector.Aa a result those in power focus onareas thatare profitable foe them such as orienting students to the experimental field. Strengthenging competition in the field for socialstatus due to their lack of financial means to educate their children.it isimportant to note that the government itself due to not allocating sufficientfunds to education and on the other hand pays special attention to the ministryof health in strengthening privatization with the focus on increasing thetendency to experimental field with the private sector.

   چكيده مسئله‌ي اصلي پژوهش حاضر بر اين اصل بنيان نهاده شده است كه حاشيه‌‌نشيني امري برساخته از جانب دولت و نهادهاي وابسته‌ي آن در بستر مناسبات سرمايه‌دارانه است. رويكرد انتخاب شده براي اين پژوهش، اقتصاد سياسي مي‌باشد و روش پژوهش نيز برپايه همين قياس انتقادي است. اين روش از انواع داده‌هاي موجود سود مي‌برد تا دلالت‌هاي پنهان را در شكل‌گير‌ي وضع موجود نمايان سازد. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد، دولت در صدسال اخير از رهگذر برنامه‌هاي و اقدامات مختلف در هر دوره‌اي زمينه‌ي برساخته شدن مناطق حاشيه‌اي را فراهم آورده است كه اين امر ريشه در عدم توجه دولت به منافع عمومي جامعه مخصوصاً تهي‌دستان دارد، مناسبات اقتصادي (شيوه‌ي توليد) هر گروه مشخص كننده‌ي جايگاه آن‌ها در بستر مناسبات و برنامه‌هاي دولت است، دولت تنها حمايت‌كننده‌ي اهداف طبقه‌ي مسلط است، ضمن اينكه در همين راستا نيز منافع خود دولت نيز تأمين مي‌گردد. پديده‌ي مهاجرت، جمعيت و اصلاحات ارضي توجيه كافي و لازم براي حاشيه‌نشين‌سازي نمي‌باشد و تنها توجيهات ساختاري كلان سياسي هستند، رويكردهاي متاخر در ارتباط با حاشيه‌‌نشيني ازجمله توانمندسازي قابل قبول نمي‌باشد؛ زيرا حاشيه‌‌نشيني در بستر مناسبات اقتصادي شكل گرفته و توانمندسازي مفهومي فرهنگي است، ضمن اينكه در همين راستا تهي‌دستان نمي‌توانند عامليتي در فضاي شهري داشته باشند و آن‌ها پذيراي مناسبات ساختاري در هر دوره‌اي هستند و در پي آن مناسبات خود را شكل مي دهند. ظهور حاشيه‌‌نشيني ريشه در ساختارهاي كلان اقتصادي و سياسي دارد و رفع آن نيز تنها در بستر دگرگوني همين مناسبات ممكن خواهد بود. واژگان كليدي: اقتصاد سياسي، دولت، بازنمايي فضايي، حاشيه‌نشين‌سازي، كرمانشاه

Critical discourse is an interdisciplinary study method that can be used in the critique of literary novels and in the political and social fields. Norman Fairclough is one of the leading theorists of critical discourse who interpreted texts by elevating text analysis from descriptive to explanatory and by incorporating the components of ideology, power, and history. His approach was later considered and used to reveal the underlying layers in works of art and literature. The present study intends to re-read Bakhtiar Ali's novels at three levels of description, explanation and interpretation, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the critical analysis approach of Norman Fairclough. Preliminary findings of the research from the perspective of critical discourse indicate that at the level of description, Bakhtiar Ali's novels narrate the story non-linearly, the time sequence is not observed; Rather, the past, present and future are intertwined and make the reader find it difficult to understand time. In addition, the language of text description of Bakhtiar Ali's stories moves in a conversational manner. The sentences are narrated with a simple and fluent expression in a tangible and real relationship in the news aspect. At the level of explanation and interpretation, it should be noted that the main axis of Bakhtiar Ali's novels is the political and social relations in Iraqi Kurdistan, which are manifested in different types of Jamshid Khan, Parvaneh, Serias Sobhgahi, Khalid Amun and other characters of the novels. Each of these types of Bakhtiar Ali's novels recounts the collective and individual sufferings of the people of Iraqi Kurdistan; Examples include war, regional violence, identity problems, political and economic crises, individual human conflicts, and the problems of traditions and nationalist issues; The narrative of Bakhtiar Ali's novels is based on the connections, political discourses, and history of the social fabric of Iraqi Kurdistan.  

Abstract One of the most importsnt event of elderness is retirement. Retirement and elderness are mostly interrelated and intersependent that often occur simultaneously. One of the most significant chalange in this period is the isuue of quality of life. The aim of this study is the effect of cultural, economical and social factors on the quality of life of retired teachers in Jawanroud in 2020. The method of this study is of descriptive-analytic one. The population study included 423. Based on Morgan Table, 170 teachers were selected as sample of the study. Questionnaires were utilized to gather the data. To analyze the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The results indicated that the mean of social factor and quality of life was obove the average comparing with physicl health aspects, mental health, social and environmental health, while the mean in cultural and economical factors was below the average. The results also demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between quality of life and variables of age, marriage, education, and job of the participants after retirement. In addition, the results showed that there was no significant correlation between quality of life and variables of gender, educational level of spouse and official postion before retirement. Finally, the results indicated that cultural, economical and social factors and quality of life had a significant correlation with each other and these three variables had ./56 of prediction for quality of life and its elements. Among three mentioned factor, the social factor had ./41 prediction for quality life of retired teachers. Therefore, it can be concluded that cultural, economical and social factors are the most important factors for explaning the quality of life of teachers that should be taken into account by those in charge in this regard.   

This research intends to examine the return to ancient Iran as an issue that is related to the social totality of contemporary Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate concretely and empirically this issue in relation to the socioeconomic status of the society. The theoretical framework of the research, i  ired by Bakhtin on the epic and the novel, is obtained. The method of this research is dialectical materialism, which combines everything in one totality. This research was conducted in the Kermanshah city of 1396 solar time.