Vakil Ahmadi

  Drawing upon Benedict Anderson’s theory of ‘’Imagined Communities”, this study aims to examine the perceptions of the citizens of Kamyaran regarding the nature of their Kurdish identity formation. Specifically, it investigates the process of transition from localized identities to imagined communities. Wherein lies the genealogy of the Kurdish identity discourse? Through which discourses has this imagined community been constituted, and in what ways has it become intertwined with the lived experiences of the people? This study employs a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis. The data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with twenty participants, selected via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings reveal that Kurdish identity discourse is not an eternal primordial entity, but rather a modern social construct developed around the axes of structural inequality and relative deprivation; moreover, it is rooted more in media interactions and communications than in physical or geographical ties. Based on the research findings, the transition from localized identities to imagined communities has occurred via the experience of digital synchronicity, through which media among Kurds have converted ‘distance’ into a sense of ‘presence’. In conclusion, it is the author’s contention that what has been revealed through the analysis of identity-constructing discourses is a conscious construction unfolding within the shadow of modernity. That is to say, if localized identities are understood as products of ecosystem-centered living and direct social bonds, the transition to a Kurdish identity, as an imagined community, occurred precisely at the moment the Kurdish subject learned how to conceive of themselves alongside an ‘absent yet co-destined’ other.

چكيدههدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير فساد بر سرمايه اجتماعي در كشورهاي منطقه خاورميانه و شمال آفريقا انجام شده است. با توجه به نقش اساسي نهادها و اعتماد اجتماعي در فرآيند توسعه اقتصادي، اين مطالعه به تحليل اثرگذاري فساد به‌عنوان يك عامل نهادي بر سطح سرمايه اجتماعي پرداخته است. تمركز اصلي پژوهش بر تبيين اين رابطه در بستري است كه با ويژگي‌هايي نظير ساختارهاي رانتي، ضعف سازوكارهاي پاسخگويي و ناهمگوني نهادي همراه است؛ شرايطي كه مي‌تواند بر تعامل ميان فساد و سرمايه اجتماعي تأثيرگذار باشد.روش‌شناسي پژوهش: اين پژوهش از نوع كاربردي و با رويكرد كمي انجام شده است. داده‌هاي مورد استفاده شامل اطلاعات ?? كشور منتخب منطقه در دوره زماني ???? تا ???? بوده كه در قالب داده‌هاي تابلويي تحليل شده‌اند. به‌منظور بررسي روابط ميان متغيرها، از مدل رگرسيون حداقل مربعات معمولي با خطاهاي استاندارد تعديل‌شده و همچنين مدل پوياي گشتاورهاي تعميم‌يافته (GMM) استفاده شده است. اين رويكرد امكان كنترل ناهمگني‌هاي مقطعي، پويايي متغير وابسته و مسائل درون‌زايي را فراهم مي‌سازد.يافته‌ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه فساد داراي اثر منفي و معناداري بر سرمايه اجتماعي است. به‌عبارت ديگر، افزايش سطح فساد با كاهش اعتماد عمومي، مشاركت مدني و انسجام اجتماعي همراه است. همچنين يافته‌ها نشان داد كه سرمايه اجتماعي داراي پايداري زماني بوده و مقادير گذشته آن نقش مهمي در تعيين وضعيت فعلي ايفا مي‌كند. از سوي ديگر، متغيرهاي كنترلي شامل سطح توسعه اقتصادي و كيفيت حكمراني داراي اثر مثبت، و نرخ بيكاري داراي اثر منفي بر سرمايه اجتماعي بوده‌اند. نتايج به‌دست‌آمده در هر دو مدل ايستا و پويا از سازگاري و استحكام برخوردار بوده و توانسته‌اند روابط ميان متغيرها را به‌خوبي تبيين نمايند.نتيجه‌گيري: يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه كاهش فساد و بهبود كيفيت نهادهاي حكمراني مي‌تواند نقش مهمي در تقويت سرمايه اجتماعي ايفا كند. اين امر از طريق افزايش اعتماد عمومي، ارتقاي مشاركت مدني و بهبود تعاملات اجتماعي امكان‌پذير است. بر اين اساس، سياست‌گذاران و نهادهاي حاكميتي مي‌توانند با اتخاذ راهبردهاي مؤثر در جهت افزايش شفافيت، تقويت پاسخگويي و بهبود كارايي نهادي، زمينه ارتقاي سرمايه اجتماعي را فراهم سازند. پژوهش حاضر علاوه بر غناي ادبيات اقتصاد نهادي و توسعه، مسيرهاي جديدي براي بررسي تعامل ميان متغيرهاي نهادي و اجتماعي در اقتصادهاي در حال توسعه ارائه مي‌دهد و پيشنهادهايي براي مطالعات آتي در اين حوزه مطرح مي‌سازد.كليدواژه‌ها: فساد، سرمايه اجتماعي، كيفيت حكمراني، داده‌هاي تابلويي، گشتاورهاي تعميم‌يافته، منطقه خاورميانه و شمال آفريقا.

   Social tolerance is one of the fundamental components of social cohesion and peaceful coexistence in multicultural societies. The city of Kermanshah, due to its ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity as well as the socio?economic transformations of recent decades, provides an appropriate context for examining the level of social tolerance and the factors influencing it. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of social tolerance among the citizens of Kermanshah and to analyze its relationship with selected individual, social, economic, and spatial characteristics.This research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in method, conducted using a survey approach. The statistical population consists of citizens aged 18 and over in the city of Kermanshah. A sample of 400 respondents was selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using a standardized social tolerance questionnaire based on a five?point Likert scale. The validity of the instrument was confirmed through factor analysis, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.916). Due to the non?normal distribution of the data, nonparametric tests including the Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were employed for hypothesis testing.The findings indicate that the mean level of social tolerance among respondents is higher than the theoretical midpoint, reflecting a relatively favorable state of social tolerance in Kermanshah. The results of inferential analyses show that variables such as ethnicity, religion, occupation, age, income, and length of residence do not have a statistically significant relationship with social tolerance. In contrast, education level and neighborhood of residence play a significant or near?significant role in explaining variations in social tolerance. Overall, the findings suggest that social tolerance is more a context?dependent phenomenon influenced by educational and socio?spatial conditions than by individual characteristics. The results of this study can provide a basis for cultural, educational, and urban planning policies aimed at strengthening peaceful coexistence in the city of Kermanshah.

Financial development refers to a situation in which the provision of financial services by financial institutions expands and all members of society benefit from a wide range of services (Malekshahi, 2013). Financial development consists of two indicators: liquidity available in the capital market and liquidity available in the banking system (Ahmadian, 2010). Due to the higher capacity and influence of banks in the country, bank-based financial development has been more prevalent since the 1979 Revolution. Development is divided into two parts: economic development and financial development. In the financial development dimension, banks play a key role in mobilizing diverse resources, ensuring their appropriate, accurate, efficient, and tra  arent circulation in transactions, and providing financing (Yujue Wang, 2024). Smart banking, as one of the vital infrastructures of the banking industry, plays a crucial role in the distribution of banking services (Karimkhani, 2023). One of the important areas in making society smarter to exploit the capabilities of smart banking systems is that the structural system of banks defines and deploys smart tools, and the target audience uses these tools. Therefore, the share of financial transactions conducted through these financial tools out of total transactions can be considered a percentage of smart financial development tools. In this study, which aims to examine the effect of smart financial depth on inflation and unemployment indicators across the provinces of the country, the smart financial depth index is defined and calculated by multiplying two indices: financial depth and the smart depth coefficient. The smart depth coefficient is calculated and extracted based on the ratio of mobile banking transactions to total transactions, using the reported statistical data and information of the country’s banking sector. Inflation and economic growth indicators are extracted from the monthly reports of the Statistical Center of Iran as well as regional accounts data, and after ensuring their temporal consistency, they are utilized in the analysis. In this research, control and instrumental variables related to economic and social conditions are also included in the model to prevent bias in the results. Finally, by applying diagnostic tests such as the Sargan test and autocorrelation tests, the validity of the instruments and the correctness of the model are evaluated to ensure that the research findings are sufficiently reliable and can serve as an appropriate basis for policy decision-making. Ultimately, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between smart financial depth and unemployment and inflation rates across the provinces of the country.  

  Today, we are witnessing the spread of medicine in all aspects of human life, and indeed, as in the past, the criterion for referring to doctors is not only physical pain and suffering, but we must also refer to a doctor to become beautiful. In this regard, medicine has penetrated all aspects of people's lives and has also defined health and beauty. So new concepts such as; beauty medicine have been formed. As is evident from this concept, medicine has strengthened its special position more than ever before, and today it is medicine that defines the concepts of beauty and ugliness. The discourse of medicalization has become so widespread in society that it has convinced us with its own ideologies to refer to a doctor for the slightest symptom in our bodies, whether in the field of health or beauty. Doctors are supposedly the guardians of our lives and minds, but in fact they are the thieves of our lives and minds, and above all, our money. The research method in this study has been critical, and our criticism is of the discourse that has caused medicine to interfere in all aspects of human life and force us to realize that no human being is healthy and everyone needs treatment. The aim of this research is to study the relationship between neoliberalism and medicalization. Keywords: aesthetic medicine, discourse, ideology, medicalization, neoliberalism

 AbstractThe present research seeks to examine intergenerational encounter and the experience of symbolic violence through a study of high school girls in Kamyaran city. This research is conducted in a qualitative framework and designed as applied research. It is based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical perspective on intergenerational encounter and symbolic violence, using qualitative methods such as interviews and various types of analysis.The study population consists of second-year high school girls students in Kamyaran city. From this population, 24 participants were purposefully selected for the study. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were employed. All interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, coding, and through Bourdieu's conceptual framework of generational interactions, symbolic boundaries, and symbolic violence.Recently reaserchs shows that the issue of intergenerational encounters in the age has created multiple challenges based on this research family and school are as a key factors in the intergeneration encounter were examined. The results show that intergenerational encounter and the experience of symbolic violence can be analyzed and understood in terms of historical, social, cultural, and psychological dimensions. These confrontations often occur both directly and indirectly, with gaps and interactions between generations continuing to intensify symbolic violence

      The present study aims to investigate the state of development and its obstacles in Lekstan. The theoretical approach of this research is based on the center-periphery approach, in this sense there are areas in the form of mother cities that have a high level of development and around them there are satellite cities that are not developed, to investigate the development status of its obstacles in Lekstan from the ethnographic research method and techniques Observation, interview and document review have been used to collect data. The results of the research indicate that according to the calculations based on the statistical yearbooks, Lakstan is at the level of deprived development in terms of physical, economic, cultural and social indicators. The most important obstacles to development in Lakstan are the settlement of nomads, land reforms and development programs. did Settlement of nomads in Lekstan was a deadly program accompanied by military repression. Ili structures fell apart and the nomadic way of life disappeared. This process caused a lot of material damage. Military interventions and war and flight for more than a decade destroyed the possibility of implementing modernization programs. The second factor was land reform. The dominance of small ownership and the mountainous nature of the region made it impossible to develop agriculture, and agricultural joint stock companies and cooperatives were not established. Capitalist relations and modernization processes such as road construction, educational and health infrastructures were carried out with a delay of several decades compared to other parts of the country and on a limited scale. Industries also did not grow. After the revolution, this situation continued for three decades and a large population migrated from Lekstan to small, medium, large and metropolitan cities. Since the mid-70s, road construction and rural development such as education and health facilities have been done with attention, but still this area does not have the economic potential to attract population and reverse migration.    Keywords: settlement of nomads, land reforms, development plans, development obstacles, migration, Lakestan

  Abstract

  The labor market in Iran is one of the most important relationships that determine social systems, and by analyzing it, the intertwined economic and social processes can be explained. The situation of women in the labor market is much more complicated and little research has been done about it. Meanwhile, divorced women have a unique situation that this research tries to explain part of the relationships governing the work of divorced women in Kermanshah. The inferiority of women in the labor market and social relations by intensifying each other has created a different situation that whatever is established for the workforce has become more intense in the case of women. Divorced women are at the bottom of the labor market and are exploited in v

  In recent years, the concept of social welfare has received serious attention from sociologists, economists and other fields related to development, and it has always been a social concern in a country, especially in developing countries, including Iran

هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسايي شاخص­هاي خانواده­هاي غني­ساز شغلي مي­باشد. پژوهش از نوع كاربردي است و از لحاظ نحوه­ي گردآوري اطلاعات از روش آميخته استفاده شده است. جامعه آماري اين پژوهش كليه شاغلين شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب مي­باشد. شيوه نمونه­گيري در اين پژوهش از نوع هدفمند است. در فاز كمي كه با هدف شناسايي شاغلين شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب تنظيم شد ??? نفر به روش دردسترس انتخاب شدند‌. در اين فاز براي اندازه‌گيري غني‌سازي كار-خانواده و غني‌سازي خانواده-كار از مقياس 18 ماده‌اي كارلسون، كامار، واين و گريزويچ(2006) استفاده شد.سپس با استفاده از نرم­افزار 26      نمرات شركت­كنندگان محاسبه شد. در فاز كيفي نيز تعداد ?? نفر از افرادي كه نمره بالاتر از يك انحراف استاندارد(2/42) كسب كرده انتخاب شدند كه در دو مصاحبه آخر اطلاعات جديدي بدست نيامد و داده‌ها به اشباع رسيد. داده‌هاي مستخرخ از مصاحبه­ها در سه مرحله باز،محوري و انتخابي به روش كولايزي كدگذاري شدند. در مجموع ???مفهوم در رابطه با شاخص خانواده­هاي غني­ساز شغلي بدست آمد كه در قالب 44 كد محوري دسته بندي شدند. شاخص‌هاي فردي شامل: مهمان‌نوازي، نوع‌دوستي، صداقت داشتن، ارتباط غني و ايمان بخدا، التزام به احكام اسلامي، ساده‌زيستي، اتكا بر خويشتن، مثبت گرايي، هدفمندي، منظم‌بودن، برنامه‌ريزي داشتن، احترام متقابل، قدرداني، پس­انداز كردن، پذيرش جدايي ناپذيري كار و زندگي، پايبندي به ارزش‌هاي اخلاقي خانواده، گذشت و فداكاري، كمترين استفاده از فضاي­مجازي، وقت­شناسي، واقع­گرا بودن، انعطاف­پذيري، صبر داشتن، مسئوليت­پذيري، اعتماد كردن، حفظ مرزهاي خانوادگي، شوخ­طبعي، همدلي، رضايت از خويشتن(خودپنداره­مثبت). شاخص‌هاي خانوادگي شامل: حمايت اعضاي خانواده از يكديگر(تلاش براي پيشرفت يكديگر)، روابط گرم و صميمانه فرزندان-خانواده(كيفيت باهم بودن)، ايجاد مرزهاي ارتباطي با خانواده، استفاده از رويكرد حل مسئله، مشاركت و همكاري اعضا با يكديگر، الگوبرداري، سبك تربيتي مقتدر، شناخت ويژگي­هاي شخصيتي يكديگر، پذيرش­نامشروط فرزندان، ايجاد تعادل در زندگي، حمايت عاطفي. و شاخص‌هاي بافتي شامل: احترام به خانواده همسر، حمايت شدن از طرف اقوام، مرزبندي با اقوام و آشنايان، ارتباط با اقوام را گزارش كردند.      

   The inequality of economic growth is one of the main factors for the heterogeneous distribution of labor and capital and the cause of political and economic crises, because inequality implies the inability of policymakers to benefit from the capacities and potentials of many regions. In this regard, the present study, using the spatial econometric approach and the spatial tile index, examines the effect of financial development on the convergence of economic growth of the province and the analysis of growth inequality for the period of 2007-2020, the results of the study show that 88% of the difference in the economic growth of the provinces It is caused by productivity, which is caused by the financial development and the heterogeneous economic structures of the regions following the application of inputs, in addition to this, the convergence of economic growth with regard to the real and nominal GDP index has been confirmed in all models, and the spillover effects of economic growth The graph is negative, which indicates the limitation of resources and the lack of endogenous economic growth in Iran, finally, financial development plays an important role in the convergence of growth, but their spillover effects have caused the divergence of economic growth in limited cases, so paying attention to the potential of the regions And providing policies in order to benefit from the potential is the most important policy proposal for the present study.

During the contemporary social-political history of Iran, we witness the emergence and role-playing of several political-social groups. Each of these groups has established different relations with the political structure according to the requirements of the time and their intellectual, social and economic backgrounds and have participated in political, social and economic developments and campaigns. One of these groups were marketers. The relationship between the construction of power and the market as a traditional economic institution in contemporary Iran is of special importance. As one of the pillars of Iranian society, the market has played an effective role throughout the past history of this land. This impact is not only because the market formed the basis of the socio-economic structure of the society of that time, but also because of its close connection with religious centers and institutions. During the second Pahlavi period, the traditional markets, in the organizational and historical alliance with the Shia clergy, tried to limit the power of the government and prevent the encroachment and threats of power into the public arena, and participated in every political-social protest movement against the authoritarian government. In such a way that the market and the scholars can be considered as two pillars of the traditional civil society of Iran; On the other hand, the government also tried to weaken, control and make the market dependent on the government by taking action to diminish the economic role of the market in Iranian society. Therefore, in this research, we intend to investigate the market and its role in the political developments of four decades after the Islamic revolution, using a descriptive-analytical method.

   Abstract he phenomenon of body management and cosmetic surgery has attracted the attention   of Iranian women, including Ahvaz women, in recent years. In today's era, manipulating and regularly controlling the body has become a new tool for building a personal identity. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the economic and social consequences of cosmetic surgery among women. The method of qualitative research and the method of data collection was interviews with 20 women aged 15 to 55 in Ahvaz. Based on the analysis of the interviews and the concepts extracted from it, there are 57 conceptual codes, two categories of economic and social consequences, three main themes and 18 sub-themes. These concepts were logically related to each other. Body management as a social phenomenon has positive and negative consequences that has been able to influence the socio-economic relations of the individual and the family. The evidence shows that working and educated women, by manipulating their bodies, produced the most results such as career promotion, entrepreneurship, change of work relations, change of family relations, which led to important social economic changes at the level They became society. Keywords: body management, surgery and cosmetic procedures, economic and social consequences      

   ·   چكيده : (با تاكيد بر طرح مسئله، روش تحقيق و اهداف)(حداكثر 250 كلمه) در اين پژوهش تلاش داريم تا با ارزيابي تاريخي، اجتماعي و كالبدي محله آقاجان به عنوان يكي از محلات آسيب­پذير و سكونتگاه­هاي غيررسمي كرمانشاه كه آسيب­هاي اجتماعي زيادي درون خود دارد، به مطالعه شيوه­هايي بپردازيم كه يك محله به عنوان حاشيه شكل گرفته و شيوه­هاي سكني گزيدن فقراي شهري در آن را مورد مطالعه قرار دهيم. همچنين در اين پژوهش اين موضوع مورد توجه است كه چه استراتژي­ها و فرآيندهايي در طول تاريخ شكل مي­گيرد كه موجب طرد و انگ­خوردگي جمعي ساكنان اين محلات مي­شود. اين فرآيندها منجر به نوعي سوژگي در ميان ساكنان اين محلات شده به صورتي كه هويت خود را به عنوان فردي حاشيه­اي، محروم و مستحق شرايط موجود شكل مي­دهد و افراد را به پذيرش وضعيت موجود وا داشته و شرايط موجود را به مثابه امري طبيعي جلوه مي­دهد. مساله اصلي فهم سازوكارهايي است كه در وهله اول منجر به شكل­گيري اين وضعيت شده و در وهله دوم پيامدهاي اجتماعي، فرهنگي و كالبدي اين سازوكارها است. از طرف ديگر تاكيد بر اين موضوع خواهد بود كه فرآيندهاي طرد و انگ صرفا امري عيني نيستند و علاوه بر پيامدهاي كالبدي، موضوعي گفتماني و ذهني است كه بر مبناي تعامل اين دو بعد، سوژه­هاي حاشيه­اي خود را توليد مي­كند.

   چكيده از ويژگي‌هاي زيست اقتصادي روستاهاي مرزي بخش نوسود قاچاق و كولبري است. قاچاق و كولبري فعاليتي موقتي، استرس‌زا و ريسك‌پذير است. هدف پژوهش بررسي نقش اقتصاد مرزي در تشديد عرفان عامه است. روش پژوهش كيفي با استفاده از نظريه‌ي زمينه‌اي و گردآوري اطلاعات با استفاده از مصاحبه عميق با فعالان قاچاق و كولبري در بخش نوسود بوده است. يافته‌ها نشان داد موقعيت مرزي، اقتصاد مرزي، وضعيت اقتصادي نامناسب، منعطف بودن شرايط كار قاچاق و كولبري از شرايط علي شكل‌گيري قاچاق و كولبري در نوسود بوده است. خطر و ريسك، عدم ثبات شغلي، حس رقابت، عدم اطمينان به اطرافيان، دسترسي آسان به عناصر عرفان عامه و شرايط محيطي به عنوان شرايط زمينه‌اي و مداخله‌گري هستند كه منجر به اتخاذ استراتژي عرفان عامه از سوي برخي افراد درگير در فعاليت قاچاق و كولبري شده است. پيامد چنين استراتژي، فرسايش اعتماد عمومي، مقبوليت عرفان عامه و ايجاد سوپاپ اطمينان براي ادامه مشاغل همراه با ريسك عنوان شده است.

   چكيده اين پژوهش به بررسي چگونگي تكوين محله آناهيتا در شهر كرمانشاه مي‌پردازد. رويكرد نظري پژوهش مبتني بر آراء هانري لوفور در باب «توليد فضا» است. از نظريات و مفاهيم اين نظريه‎پرداز، جهت شرح روندهاي شكل‌گيري اين محله در قالب سه بُعد فضايي (بازنمايي فضايي، فضاي بازنمايي و عمل فضايي) و حق بر شهر سود جسته‌ايم. روش مورد استفاده اتنوگرافي است و تكنيك گردآوري داده‌ها شامل مشاهده، مصاحبه، تجربه زيسته و نقشه‌هاي ذهني است. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان‌دهنده آن است كه اين محله در سه مقطع و برهه زماني شكل گرفته است. ابتدا در سال 1357 ساخت آن شروع شد كه مبتني بر طرح جامع 1352 بود و با انقلاب 1357 ناتمام ماند. در سال 1359 با شروع جنگ عراق عليه ايران، اين شهرك به محل اسكان آوارگان جنگي زير نظر بنياد امور مهاجرين جنگ تحميلي تبديل شد. با پايان جنگ، اين محله به شهرداري واگذار گرديد كه با بي‌توجهي مديران شهري و ساخت‌وسازهاي بي‌ضابطه كه با شيوه‌هاي مختلف (تصرف عدواني، تصرف خزنده) صورت مي‌گرفت، تبديل به يك سكونتگاه غيررسمي و حاشيه‌اي شد. بر اين اساس آنچه در روند تكوين اين شهرك با توجه به آراي هانري لوفور اهميت دارد، بُعد دوم يعني فضاي بازنمايي است و گواه اين امر كه محله آناهيتا در غياب مديران و برنامه‌ريزان شهري به صورت خودجوش و از درون زندگي روزمره تكوين يافته است. كليدواژه‌ها:   آناهيتا، جنگ، مهاجرين، قصرشيرين، فضاي بازنمايي.

   The victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1357 is considered an important break in the history of Iran. Iranians passed through the revolution to a new discourse that had distinct characteristics compared to the previous discourse. In the first decade of the revolution, due to the emotional atmosphere of the society and the presence of the charismatic personality of Imam Khomeini (RA), discussions revolved around revolution and war. But after the end of the war and the death of the Imam, important changes occurred in the political and social arenas, the most important of which were the change in the power structure due to the revision of the constitution, post-war economic requirements, Iran's new conditions in the international system, and social changes. In his presidency, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani tried to make extensive changes in the economic and political arena and revive the country, which was in trouble due to the war with Iraq and its inevitable requirements. Due to the change in the political position of the presidency after the revision, as the fourth president of Iran with higher authority than his previous counterparts, he was able to put the discourse of construction on the agenda and implement a type of development model in Iran. In the contemporary history of Iran, political and social underdevelopment has always been accompanied by many ups and downs. Sometimes we have come close to development and justice and other times we have moved away from it. Political development is a phenomenon whose impact on the socio-political life of the world today, especially in developing societies, cannot be denied. In the process of realizing political development, various factors play a role, among them, the government, as the largest and most important political institution of the society, plays an important role. In the current research, we have raised the question, what obstacles and challenges did the growth of development and justice face during the presidency of Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani? It seems that, in addition to the general culture of the Iranian society, there have been serious obstacles and challenges to the growth of development and justice during the period of Mr. Hashemi Rafsanjani. To answer the question and prove his hypothesis, the author has used a qualitative method with a descriptive analytical approach.

حيات اجتماعي در عرصههاي زنانه، گاه افقهاي روشن و متعالي را به خود ديده و از زن، الههها و سمبلهايي آزاديبخش وكنشگرانه ارائه نموده و گاه زن در هيئت كاال و بردهاي زرخريد و بياختيار در خدمت جامعهي مردساالر قرارگرفته است. به همين سياق، زنانگي در بين اقوام مختلف، فرهنگهاي گوناگون و جغرافيايي متفاوت، به اشكال متمايزي ظهور يافته است. زندگي اجتماعي زنان ايالمي، عامليت آنها در ميدان عمل و چگونگي احاطهي ساختار قدرت بر آنها، همگي حكايت از تجربهي متفاوت و منحصر به بافت اجتماعي جامعهي كنوني ايالم دارد. اين پژوهش با بهرهگيري از رويكرد تبارشناسانه نشان ميدهد كه سوبژكتيويتههاي منحصر به زن ايالمي، محصولي دمدستي نيست، بلكه چالشي است عميق و ريشهدار، كه باگذر زمان، در اثر ارادهي دولت براي بازسازي جامعه و بروز تغيير و تحوالت تاريخي-اجتماعي شكل گرفته است. سنخشناسي اين تحوالت و طبقهبندي هويتهاي زنانه، در بازه تاريخي1300تا 1400 بر اساس نقاط عطف تاريخي طبقه بندي شده است. اسناد موجود براي تأييد اين تحوالت از طريق مراجعه به اسناد و مدارك تاريخي موجود در آرشيو كتابخانهي ملي، كتابخانهي مجلس شوراي اسالمي و تاالر پژوهش كتابخانه ملي بدست آمده است. همچنين، جهت درك بهتر روايت زنان ايالمي و همپوشي جامع علمي، با تعدادي از زنان جغرافياي مورد مطالعه، مصاحبه به عمل آمده است. بنابر نتايج اين پژوهش، اسكان عشاير، اجراي طرح توسعه روستايي، انجام طرح اصالحات ارضي، اعزام سپاهيان دانش، گسترس مراكز درماني، تأسيس جادهها و راههاي ارتباطي، فعاليت احزاب سياسي، توسعه نظام اداري، جنگ و توسعه نظام آموزش عالي از جمله رخدادهاي مؤثر تاريخي بوده اند كه زمينهساز تغيير زنانگي زنان ايالمي گرديده و سوبژكتيويتهي خاص آنان را بهوجود آورده است. تحوالت تاريخي اجتماعي در ابتدا سبب حصر در مكان زنان ايالمي شد و به شكلگيري زنانگيهايي از نوع هژمونيك، بروكراتيك، مطالبهگر و جسورانه منجر گرديد. واژگان كليدي: سوبژكتيويته، زنانگي، عامليت، بازسازي جامعه، زنان استان ايالم، دولت.   

      In this research, the public space of Elaheh neighborhood of Kermanshah has been studied. The theoretical basis of the upcoming study is the opinions of Jane Jacobs, which tries to analyze the neighborhood, the street and its space from a new perspective by relying on it, and topics such as the use of sidewalks, the use of local parks, the use of neighborhoods, The necessity of mixing the main uses, the necessity of small buildings and the placement of schools and libraries in the focus of attention. In this article, a qualitative approach is used and the research method used is ethnography, an approach that values the people being researched. and the researcher tries to be aware of their views and opinions. Therefore, they collect data through observation and interview. In the analysis of the findings, all the problems of the neighborhood, including the communication routes and the inconvenience of the residents, to the problems and advantages of the local bazaar and the security and inconsistency of the traffic plans, are considered and suggestions are given for each of them. As a result, indicators and criteria were examined and analyzed, including access, facilities and facilities, social interactions and activities, which are more important factors in attracting people to the public space, and other criteria such as protection, flexibility, security and ... which in turn have a significant impact on the sociability of public spaces. In general, the results indicate that there should be public and lively spaces in different scales so that people can choose the desired space according to their situation, taste, needs, etc. and be present in it. Key words: Elaheh neighborhood, public space, urban life, citizenship, Kermanshah.

چكيده روند رو به رشد تجرد درميان دختران در جامعه­ي ايران رو به افزايش است، به طور سنتي در خصوص تجرد دختران كليشه­هايي وجود دارد، بسياري معتقدند براي ادامه زندگي يك زن، وجود يك مرد و ازدواج ضروري و لازم است. اين شرط از جامعه­اي به جامعه­ي ديگر و حتي برهه­اي از زمان، نسبت به زمان ديگر متفاوت خواهد بود. در اين راستا اين پژوهش با ورود به دنياي دختران مجرد بالاي 30 سال سعي دارد به واقعيت تجربه­ي زيسته آنان از تأخير در ازدواج با توجه به تفاوت­هاي موقعيتي آن­ها دست يابد ، و تجربه زيسته دختران مجرد و نوع نگاه به زندگي آنان را طبق خود شناسه و شناسنده، به نوعي از نگاه خود و از نگاه ديگران مورد كنكاش قرار دهد. بدين منظور از نظريه برگر و لاكمن، نظريه گيدنز در رابطه با تغيير در خانواده و نوع روابط، نظريه مدرنيزاسيون و .... استفاده شده است. بنابراين به تناسب آن با رويكرد پديدارشناسي به بررسي تجربه زيسته دختران مجرد بالاي 30 سال شهر كرمانشاه پرداخته و با 22 نفر از دختران مجرد كه با پديده تأخير در ازدواج مواجه هستند مصاحبه شده است.   نتايج را طبق مقولات خانواده (سنتي و مدرن)، تحصيل در دو زير گروه ( زيرديپلم و آكادميك)، وضعيت شغلي (دولتي، آزاد، خانه­دار)، نوع طبقه (مرفه، متوسط، فرودست)، بُعد خانوار (تنها، كم­جمعيت، پرجمعيت)   دسته­بندي كرده و تأثير رسانه به عنوان يك وسيله همگاني بر نگرش افراد مورد توجه قرار گرفته است و همچنين تجربيات مثبت و منفي مشترك در همه­ي دختران با وجود تفاوت­هاي موجود در زندگي آن­ها نيز مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. يافته­هاي پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه با توجه به موقعيت، افراد زيست­جها­ن­هاي متفاوتي را تجربه مي­كنند و نوع نگرش آن­ها به ازدواج بسته به شرايط آن­ها متفاوت است. دختران مجرد در خانواده مدرن، با تحصيلات آكادميك، شاغل، طبقه­ي بالا، خانواده كم جمعيت و تنها، نسبت به دختران مجرد در خانواده سنتي، با تحصيلات كم، بيكار ، طبقه پايين و در خانواده پرجمعيت موقعيت بهتري دارند. رسانه­ها نيز به عنوان ابزار تأثيرگذار باعث تغيير در نگرش افراد، تغيير در روابط و ... شده­اند. جداي از تفاوت­هاي كه در   تجربه دختران هست، تجارب مشتركي همچون آزادي و حس تنهايي و... در آن­ها ديده مي­شود.       كليدواژه:   دختران مجرد، تجربه­ي زيسته، زيست­جهان، نگرش متفاوت، پديدارشناسي.

   چكيده هدف اصلي اين پژوهش تعيين پيامدهاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي تحصيلات دانشگاهي در زندگي دختران(مطالعه موردي شهرستان جوانرود) بود، روش انجام اين پژوهش، توصيفي – پيمايشي و از نظر هدف كاربردي و از نظر ماهيت و روش توصيفي ـ مقايسه­اي و از نوع همبستگي بود، جامعه آماري تحقيق، زنان و دختران نسل هاي 1360 و 1370؛ 19 تا 45 ساله شهر جوانرود مي‏باشند كه در سال 1400 در اين شهر زندگي مي­كنند، كه طبق نتايج سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن سال 1395 تعداد آنها برابر 12573 نفر بود، حجم نمونه بر اساس فرمول كوكران برابر 380 نفر بود كه در نهايت 400 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. روش نمونه گيري تصادفي طبقه­اي است، روش‌هاي گردآوري اطلاعات مطالعات كتابخانه و پرسش نامه محقق ساخته بود، اعتبار پرسش نامه با استفاده از اعتبار محتوا و پايايي آن با استفاده از آلفاي كرونباخ تاييد شد، تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها با استفاده از نرم افزار   24 انجام شد. نتايج يافته هاي تحقيق نشان داد بين دختران دهه 60 و 70 از نظر شاخصهاي مشاركت اجتماعي، قدرت در خانواده و استقلال اقتصادي تفاوت معني دار مي باشد، بين پاسخگويان در چهار شاخص مشاركت اجتماعي، قدرت در خانواده، و استقلال اقتصادي بر اساس وضعيت تاهل، ميزان تحصيلات، وضعيت فعاليت، وضع سكونت و نوع اشتغال آنها تفاوت معني داري وجود دارد، بين پاسخگويان بر اساس درآمد در شاخص قدرت در خانواده تفاوت معنادار وجود دارد، اما از نظر ميزان هزينه ماهيانه، بين هيچ كدام از شاخص هاي مورد بررسي تفاوت معناداري مشاهده نشد. همچنين نتايج تحليل كوواريانس نشان داد سن و تحصيلات هر كدام به تنهايي بر مشاركت اجتماعي، قدرت در خانواده، استقلال اقتصادي تاثير گذارند،   اما اين متغيرها به تنهايي يا از طريق اثر تعاملي بر مشاركت در ازدواج تاثير معنادار نداشته اند. نتيجه گيري: تحصيل زنان نه تنها منجر به رشد و ارتقاي سلامت جسماني - رواني و اجتماعي -اقتصادي زنان مي­شود، بلكه در رشد و سلامت خانواده و جامعه تأثير بسيار مهم و بسزايي دارد. لذا جامعه­اي كه هدفش ارتقاي كيفيت زندگي خانوادگي و اجتماعي است بايد بيش از پيش اهميت باسواد شدن و دانش افزايي زنان را درك كند و جزء اهداف اساسي و ضروري برنامه­ريزي و توسعة اجتماعي قرار بدهد.    واژگان كليدي: تحصيلات عالي، مشاركت اجتماعي، وضعيت اقتصادي و اجتماعي، دختران   

   پديده كار كودكان هرروز ابعاد پيچيده‏‌تري پيدا مي‌كند و حضور هر روزه آنان در عرصه‌هاي فعاليت توليدي و كشاورزي، ضرورت سياست‏گذاري درست در اين زمينه را به امري اجتناب ناپذير بدل كرده است. بيش از ?? سال از تصويب پيمان‌نامه حقوق كودك مي‌گذرد و ساليان زيادي از كنفرانس‏هاي عمومي سازمان بين‏‌المللي كار گذشته است كه كار كودك را ممنوع اعلام كرده‌اند و خواهان پايان دادن به بهره‌كشي از كودكان و اقدامات ملي كشورها در اين زمينه شده‌اند. سازمان ملل و سازمان بين‌المللي كار با طرح برنامه‌هايي خواهان لغو كار كودك و ريشه كني فقر در جهان تا سال ???? شده‌‏اند. زماني كه برنامه اعلام شد دست‌‏اندركاران اين برنامه   فكر مي‏‌كردند سال‌هاي زيادي در پيش است و مي‌توان با اجراي برنامه‌هاي دراز مدت و كوتاه مدت به اين مهم دست يافت. در سال‌هاي گذشته با اتكاء به كمك‌هاي مالي بين‏‌المللي و كوشش فعالان مدني در جهت اجراي برنامه‌هاي مبارزه با فقر و برنامه‌هاي آموزشي جمعيت كار كودكان تا سال ???? كاهش چشمگيري يافت اما از سال ???? اين رشد با كندي قابل توجهي روبرو شده است. مسئله اشتغال كودكان در جهان و ايران، واقعيتي دردناك است كه كمتر به آن توجه شده است و تا زماني كه فقر، ناآگاهي،   نابرابري و خشونت   وجود داشته باشد مشكل كار كودك به قوت خود باقي است. كار كودكان، تجاوز آشكار   به حقوق آنان است كه اغلب مورد غفلت قرار گرفته است. از آنجا كه از ديرباز كودكان در اقتصاد مبتني بر كشاورزي در مزارع و كنار ساير افراد خانواده كار مي‏‌كردند گويا زمينه اين غفلت و بي توجهي نسبت به اين مسئله توجيه شده است. البته اين غفلت شرم‌آور از طرف حكومت‌ها، بازار تجارت جهاني و بخش‌هاي مختلف قدرت صورت مي‏‌گيرد كه با وجود همه قوانين و مقاوله نامه‌ها از كار كودكان   سود مي‌‏برند و بخشي از اقتصاد زير زميني را با اتكا به كار آنان سازمان مي‌دهند. كار كودكان   ارزان است. كودكان از نظر جسمي و ذهني مطيع هستند. كار كودكان اتحاديه ندارند و نمي‌توانند به دادگاهي   شكايت برند. نبود يك اراده سياسي در جهان براي پايان دادن به كار كودكان   يكي از مهم‌ترين دلايل   ادامه حضور كودكان در بازار كار است.

   چكيده: هدف از تحقيق حاضر شناخت زمينه­ها و پيامدهاي محروميت از ارث دختران است، به اين صورت كه در مناطقي از ايران، حق دختران از ارث پدري­شان به آن­ها داده نمي­شود و مجبور به بخشيدن ارث خود به برادران هستند، جهت دسترسي به اين هدف از روش تحقيق كيفي و تئوري زمينه­اي استفاده شده است، زيرا ما براي رسيدن به هدف تحقيق نياز به اطلاعاتي از ذهنيت­ها، انگيزه­ها و باورها داشتيم كه با تحقيق كيفي مي­توانستيم به آن­ها دست پيدا كنيم،   جامعه مورد مطالعه زنان و دختران طايفه اولاد قباد و ايتي­وند از توابع شهرستان نورآباد دلفان هستند، جهت جمع­آوري اطلاعات از نمونه­گيري هدفمند بهره برديم   و با 14 نفر از دختران اين طوايف مصاحبه عميق انجام شد، براي تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات از روش كدگذاري استفاده كرديم، به اين صورت كه مصاحبه­ها تبديل به گزاره و مفاهيم و مقولات شدند و از ميان آنها يك مقوله مركزي به دست آمد كه بقيه مقوله­ها و مفاهيم حول مقوله محوري نقش­آفريني داشتند، يافته­ها حاكي از اين بود كه مسئله محروميت از ارث با تبعيض جنسيتي در خانواده­ها و رجحان جنس پسر در خانواده شكل مي­گيرد كه اين خود نيز از سروري و سالاري مردها   و قدرت در خانواده نشات مي­گيرد، و با پذيرش اين برتري توسط مادر، فرزندان نيز، با اين باور تربيت مي­شوند، به طوري­ كه مادر و حتي فرزندان دختر، خود اين محروميت را تاييد و مي­پذيرند، وبه اين برتري و كهتري و محروميت از ارث دامن مي­زنند، البته شرايطي به كمك اين مسئله مي­آيند كه از آن جمله عدم سواد و آگاهي زنان، عدم تملك زنان كه خود از همان مردسالاري يا رجحان جنسيتي مي­آيد، بوروكراسي و دردسرهاي قانون و مراجعه به دادگاهها و...مي­باشند، و با وجود تغييرات اجتماعي، مادي و فرهنگي ايجاد شده و افزايش سطح سواد و آگاهي زنان، اين مسئله همچنان مناطقي از ايران چون لرستان، مناطق كردنشين، عرب، و استان فارس وبه صورت پراكنده ساير مناطق روستا نشين را درگير كرده­است، از جمله شرايطي كه به اين پايداري دامن مي­زند استفاده مردان از اين عرف و فرهنگ در جهت فردگرايي و ثروت اندوزي است، زيرا خشونت­هاي خانگي عليه زنان و آن حمايت­گري برادران در دنياي جديد ديگر خيلي جايي ندارد اما همچنان پسران به نفع خواسته­هاي جديد خود از اين فرهنگ محروميت از ارث بهره مي­برند. كليد واژه ها:

   Abstract    The purpose of this research is the role of women in family economic decisions It was in West Islamabad city. The statistical population included all married women who The sample size was selected using Cochran's formula of 377 people. In this research, a questionnaire was used to collect information. By using    software, Pearson correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the hypotheses. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that the economic decision-making rate of women was the highest in individual characteristics (income) and the lowest in individual characteristics (age). Also, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test, it was determined that the dimensions of education of women with postgraduate and doctorate education, job (studying), socio-economic base dimension (very high status), economic level dimension (very high status) have the highest The role of women was in the economic decision-making of the family.    Key words: women, economic decisions, family, West Islamabad         

One of the most important harms that has seriously affected women in the last decade is a phenomenon called addiction. Addiction is a physiological dependence on drugs that, if left untreated, can lead to withdrawal symptoms and deprivation. Although addiction is known in the world as a male phenomenon, but its dependence rate is higher in women than men, and as a result of this dependence, treatment is more difficult and their physical, psychological and social complications are far more than men   

  The purpose of this study is to study the phenomenon of female suicide in Holeilan city usinga qualitative method. To achieve this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 women andgirls who had attempted suicide or a woman who had attempted suicide. The theoretical basisof this research is a look at two theories, one is Durkheim's suicide theory; By claiming thatfemale suicide is a narrative of fateful suicide, and another is Giddens's view of the impact ofmodernity on the socialization of individuals and the formation of their identity. According tothe findings of this study, factors such as the emergence of the media, the development ofschools and universities and the growth and development of suburban tra  ortation on theone hand, and the spread of factors such as family disputes, forced marriages, domesticviolence, divorce, slander, supervision Maximum and mandatory coverage have had asignificant impact on the formation and increase of suicide. Keywords: Suicide, Women,Holeilan, Patriarchy, Identity

The political economy of oil is a complex structure that affects the whole life of an oil-rich country, including the nature of the state and its relationship with society, the performance of institutions and the interactions of social forces in the political-economic sphere of society. The present study aims to "investigate the degradation of oil in the global political economy and its impact on the relationship between government and society in Saudi Arabia" in a descriptive-analytical manner with emphasis on the approach of political economy. The gradual decline in global oil prices and the consequent decline in Saudi oil revenues has led to a gradual challenge to the country's rent-seeking economy model at the national, regional and global levels in recent decades. At the international level, and as Saudi Arabia's energy partners have become less dependent on Saudi oil, the pressure on Saudi Arabia to expand democracy and respect human rights has increased. At the domestic level, on the one hand, the country is facing increasing socio-economic and political demands of transformational social forces, and on the other hand, the gradual reduction of the government's financial capacity to meet the needs of citizens as a result of declining oil revenues. How the gradual decline in oil prices in the global economy has affected the government-society relationship in Saudi Arabia is a key question that is explored in the present study. The research hypothesis is designed to build power in Saudi Arabia in the face of pressure from the impossibility of continuing the life of the rentier political economy, to change the procedure and reformulate the government to a post-war model in general and transform the relationship between government and society in this country. In particular, it has progressed. The results of this study show that the Saudi government is taking steps to adapt its political economy to the requirements of action in the new global environment by adopting short-term and long-term policies and plans, including the design of the 2030 vision. In this regard, Saudi Arabia has so far reorganized its political economy in order to take advantage of the new elements and structures of global power and wealth in order to turn the threat of lower oil prices into an opportunity for economic, political and social modernization. The present study claims that the decline in oil rents due to the gradual decline in its price in the global political economy, not only in the external dimension has led to the emergence of a new type of government and its pattern of interaction with the global economy. And society has also undergone a transformation. The present research has been conducted in the framework of political economy approach and in a descriptive-analytical method using library resources.

  Due to its size, thisorganization is influenced by other institutions and one other hand how itoperates effects the development process of societies the world isreaching   developing countries, includingIran. Our aim in this dissertation is to study how the impact of privatizationon education and its dimensions and consequences, becausethe present study looks at the privatization of education from a criticalperspective, the method by this how can we examine   the privatization of education and itsconsequences from a political economy perspective.The tools used in this method also includeddocumenting upstream information to reveal the source of macro decisions at thenational   level as well as interviewtools that were done in a semi structured way and analyzed in the from ofcontextual construction.The finding of the research and data analysisas well as the main premise of the dissertation are based on the fact that dueto the high   costs out sourced to thelogic of profit to prevail and the education of the power and wealth of capitalowners to be placed in the private sector.Aa a result those in power focus onareas thatare profitable foe them such as orienting students to the experimental field. Strengthenging competition in the field for socialstatus due to their lack of financial means to educate their children.it isimportant to note that the government itself due to not allocating sufficientfunds to education and on the other hand pays special attention to the ministryof health in strengthening privatization with the focus on increasing thetendency to experimental field with the private sector.

   Addiction is one of the problems in the world today, which as a social harm has had devastating effects on society and the family. The aim of this study was to determine the psychological care model of families with addicted parents. In this study, in terms of data collection, a qualitative method was used and in-depth unstructured interviews were used to examine the experiences of aid workers. The statistical population of this study includes all helper professionals involved in the category of addiction (including counselors, psychologists, social workers and doctors, etc.) in Shiraz in 1400 who were involved in providing services to addicts or their families. The sampling method was purposeful in such a way that by referring to the Welfare Organization and the Psychological System and counseling, a complete list of helper professions related to addiction was provided, and among them 40 people who are known for their efficiency and success in their profession. They were selected for interviews and finally 27 people were interviewed in depth, but no new information was obtained from the last two interviews and the data reached theoretical saturation. After reviewing the data obtained from the research and coding, in three stages, open, pivotal and selective coding, a total of 130 concepts were obtained from the experience of aid workers, which were >   Keywords: Psychological care model, family with addicted parent, addicted parent   

In this research, we seek to study the social, cultural, economical, and social trends of the Torkashvand tribe in the contemporary history of Iran.   Theoretical approach of the article is based on Salzmann's theory about political organization among nomads and different elements of nomadic life, Barth's theory about the social structure of tribes and nomads, Iron’s theory about the economic organization of tribes and nomads, and also ltr">  

   The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction methods combined with aerobic exercise on perceived stress, quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients with fatty liver. The control group was performed.The statistical population included all patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver referred to specialized and sub-specialized clinic of Ayatollah Taleghani in Kermanshah in 1399, from which 30 people were selected using voluntary sampling method and equally in two The experimental and control groups were placed. Participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness therapy to reduce stress, and then engaged in aerobic exercise for 3 sessions and 2 sessions per week. This was while the control group did not receive any of the interventions.Both groups completed the Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996) and the Seyed Fatemi Treatment Follow-up Questionnaire (1397) as research tools before and after the training program. Research data were analyzed using inferential statistical method of analysis of covariance. The results of analysis of covariance showed that the perceived stress of patients in the experimental group was significantly reduced (p (0.05)), also the quality of life and adherence to treatment of patients in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group p (0/05)).Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness intervention therapy based on reducing stress and combining it with aerobic exercise reduces stress and increases quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients with fatty liver. Keywords: Mindfulness based on stress reduction, Aerobic exercise, Perceived stress, Quality of life, Adherence to treatment, Fatty liver. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction methods combined with aerobic exercise on perceived stress, quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients with fatty liver. The control group was performed.The statistical population included all patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver referred to specialized and sub-specialized clinic of Ayatollah Taleghani in Kermanshah in 1399, from which 30 people were selected using voluntary sampling method and equally in two The experimental and control groups were placed. Participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness therapy to reduce stress, and then engaged in aerobic exercise for 3 sessions and 2 sessions per week. This was while the control group did not receive any of the interventions.Both groups completed the Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996) and the Seyed Fatemi Treatment Follow-up Questionnaire (1397) as research tools before and after the training program. Research data were analyzed using inferential statistical method of analysis of covariance. The results of analysis of covariance showed that the perceived stress of patients in the experimental group was significantly reduced (p (0.05)), also the quality of life and adherence to treatment of patients in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group p (0/05)).Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness intervention therapy based on reducing stress and combining it with aerobic exercise reduces stress and increases quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients with fatty liver. Keywords: Mindfulness based on stress reduction, Aerobic exercise, Perceived stress, Quality of life, Adherence to treatment, Fatty liver.

Abstract One of the most importsnt event of elderness is retirement. Retirement and elderness are mostly interrelated and intersependent that often occur simultaneously. One of the most significant chalange in this period is the isuue of quality of life. The aim of this study is the effect of cultural, economical and social factors on the quality of life of retired teachers in Jawanroud in 2020. The method of this study is of descriptive-analytic one. The population study included 423. Based on Morgan Table, 170 teachers were selected as sample of the study. Questionnaires were utilized to gather the data. To analyze the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The results indicated that the mean of social factor and quality of life was obove the average comparing with physicl health aspects, mental health, social and environmental health, while the mean in cultural and economical factors was below the average. The results also demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between quality of life and variables of age, marriage, education, and job of the participants after retirement. In addition, the results showed that there was no significant correlation between quality of life and variables of gender, educational level of spouse and official postion before retirement. Finally, the results indicated that cultural, economical and social factors and quality of life had a significant correlation with each other and these three variables had ./56 of prediction for quality of life and its elements. Among three mentioned factor, the social factor had ./41 prediction for quality life of retired teachers. Therefore, it can be concluded that cultural, economical and social factors are the most important factors for explaning the quality of life of teachers that should be taken into account by those in charge in this regard.   

   نوجوانان ­داراينيازهاي گوناگوني هستند، كه از اين ميان،نيازهاي اساسي روانشناختي(خودمختاري، شايستگي و ارتباط) به صورت انگيزه­اي برايدرگيري فعالانه، پرورش مهارت­ها و بالندگي نقش مهمي در عملكرد آن­ها دارد، مدرسهيكي از محيط­هايي است كه بر نوجوانان تاثير زيادي دارد، اين پژوهش با هدف ادراكتجارب زيسته­ي دانش­آموزان از ارضاي نيازهاي اساسي روانشناختي در كلاس انجام شد،نمونه­گيري هدفمند و از نوع ملاكي بود و پس از انجام مصاحبه­ عميق و نيمهساختاريافته با 18 دانش­آموز(9 دختر و 9 پسر) اشباع نظري داده­ها حاصل شدي تحليلداده­ها با استفاده از راهبردي هفت مرحله­اي كلايزي صورت گرفت و با ارجاع داده­هابه اساتيد و دانش­آموزان اعتباريابي يافته­ها حاصل شد. و 33 مضمون فرعي در پنجمضمون اصلي شامل مناسب بودن روش تدريس آموزگار، دوستيابي و كيفيت برقراريارتباط، ويژگي­هاي رفتاري آموزگار، ادراك مثبت فرد از توانايي خويش و احساستوانمند و مفيد بودن، داشتن احساس استقلال و آزادي عمل، تجميع گرديد.همچنين نتايج نشانگر وجود تفاوت در كيفيت و كميت نيازهاي اساسي روانشناختي دانش­آموزاندختر و پسر در كلاس بود.كليد واژه­ها: تجربه­ي زيسته، نياز­هاي اساسي روانشناختي،خودمختاري، شايستگي، ارتباط و دانش­آموزان.    

Abstract Understanding the complexity of the relationships that now govern urban life and urban space is one of the first tasks that should be considered in developing development plans. One of the important challenges of Javanrood city is poverty and its consequences, which have caused social and economic damage to families. This situation is more common in different urban areas, especially in poor areas. The aim of this study was to "investigate the impact of poverty on the social, economic and political situation of poor citizens of Javanrood". The theoretical framework of the research was a combination of sociological theories of the cycle or trap of poverty, capability poverty and participatory poverty. The research method has been quantitative. The study population was all the poor areas of Javanrood, including "Babajani, Qargeh, Gargeh Chal and Sanjabi" and 376 people completed the researcher-made questionnaire by multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings showed that citizens of poor areas of Javanrood city in terms of education, job, income, job skills and marital status are facing problems that have caused them to fall into the poverty trap. Less than 20% of respondents had a washing machine, computer, personal library and home furniture at home. Their social and political participation was low and varied according to the individual and social characteristics of the respondents. Between 20 and 40 percent of respondents in their family have been involved with at least one social injury. The most common injuries included working children, dropping out of school, domestic violence, and quarreling with others. Regression analysis showed that poverty on social participation was 0.3, on political advocacy was 0.4 and on social harms of domestic violence, prison history, dropout and street child was 0.7 and on social harms of divorce, addiction, escape. Affected by home and quarrel 0.19 percent. In this sense, it should be said that poverty has the greatest impact on social harms and the least impact on social participation. It can be concluded that the poverty among the studied poor is a poverty of capacity and structure that this poverty manifests itself in access to sustainable livelihood facilities. Low access to facilities and appliances, inadequate housing, and relatively high social harms indicate that the poverty trap does not allow these individuals to participate favorably in social and political life, as it encourages conflict in social and political activities. They see it as futile and ineffective in their current state.   

  Review:  The present study investigates the relationship between social capital and social inequality in Sanandaj city. The basic hypothesis of the present study is that social capital in the Sanandaj city is the dominant type of social capital that emanates from the existing social-cultural conditions in Sanandaj, thus shaping a particular type of social relations. Suggests that these relations in turn have a determinant role in the emergence of socioeconomic inequality in the studied society. In general, folk and even theoretical perspectives emphasize the positive aspects of intra-group social capital, but in this research, it has been tried, in light of the empirical findings that have been gathered in the field, the views Theoretically, we will examine the various scholars who have identified the positive and negative aspects and consequences of intra-group social capital. In this way, a framework is drawn up that illustrates the social outcomes of social capital capital within the community. I  ired by Durkheims view, intra-group social capital and the resulting social relations represent the type and structure of society, the division of societies into mechanical and organic societies. This study was carried out using qualitative method and field interview technique in Sanandaj using theoretical and objective sampling in the first half of 1396.