Azad KHanzadi

Abstract          Social development, as one of the key dimensions of sustainable development, plays an important role in improving the quality of life, social justice, and increasing public participation. In Iran, despite the efforts made in the economic field, many social indicators such as poverty, inequality, unemployment, and weak governance remain challenging. The main objective of this study is to investigate and estimate the effect of selected economic factors on social development in Iran during the period 1382 to 1400. In this regard, the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model has been used to analyze the short-term and long-term relationships between economic variables and the social development index. In this study, social development is defined as a composite index including life expectancy, social capital, and the Gini coefficient, and the independent variables including poverty, employment rate, life expectancy, quality of governance, business environment, and income inequality (Gini coefficient) have been considered.    The results of the ARDL model estimation showed that in the long run, variables such as life expectancy, business environment, quality of governance, and employment rate have a positive and significant effect on social development, while poverty has a negative and significant effect on it. The Gini coefficient also showed a positive effect, contrary to theoretical expectations, which could depend on the method of calculating the composite index and requires cautious interpretation. Short-term results were also observed in a similar direction, but with a different strength of effect. Accordingly, it is suggested that economic policymakers take steps to promote social development in the country by focusing on reducing poverty, improving public health, improving the quality of governance, facilitating the business environment, and increasing job opportunities. It is also recommended to review the indicators for measuring social development and use regional and multidimensional approaches in future studies.   

 Gender diversity in corporate boardroom is a topic that has attracted the attention of researchers and policymakers in recent years. Having a diverse board can lead to better decision making, increased innovation and improved financial performance. However, the specific impact of gender diversity on key financial metrics such as profitability, capital intensity, advertising spending, and tax aggressiveness is not yet fully understood. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effect of gender diversity on the relationship between profitability, capital intensity and advertising cost with tax aggressiveness. The current research is part of applied research in terms of the type of goal. The statistical population of this research includes all companies admitted to the tehran stock Exchange.in order to test the above hypothessis, a sample consisting of 125 companies was selected in a systematic way from among the companies accepted in the tehran stock Exchange in the period from 2017 to 2022. The data needed to calculate the research variables were extracted from the "New Approach" database. In order to test the research hypothesis, a multiple regression model based on con con consolidated data was used. the results of research hypotheses show that at the 95% confidence level, profitability has a significan and positive relationship with tax aggressiveness, while capital intensity and advertising cost have a significant and negative relationship wi?h tax aggressiveness. The results also show that gender diversity has a significant and negative relationship between capital intensity and tax aggressiveness, and also gender duversity has a significant and positive effect on the negative relationship between advertising cost and tax aggressiveness. In conclusion, the research findings highlit the importance of gender diversity in corporate governance and its potential impact on financial performance, capital investment, marketing strategies, and tax behaviors. Promoting diversity in leadership positions can not only enhance decision_making processes,but also drive long_term profitability and sustainable growth.

  The unemployment rate, as one of the macroeconomic indicators, has had a wide impact on various aspects of the social and economic life of societies. The happiness and psychological well-being of citizens are also among the variables that are affected by the increase in the unemployment rate. Scientific study and quantitative estimation of the impact of the increase in the unemployment rate on happiness are of particular importance, which are addressed in this research. In the research model, the happiness index is considered as the dependent variable and the unemployment rate as the independent variable. In addition, variables such as inflation, per capita income, economic growth rate, trade openness and exchange rate are also considered as control variables. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has an econometric approach. The quantile regression technique is used to examine the effect of independent and control variables on happiness. The data used will be collected from reputable national and international sources for the period 2005 to 2023.

Earnings quality is a key component in evaluating a company's financial performance, and accurate analysis of it can play an important role in investors’ decision-making. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a model for predicting earnings quality based on the financial characteristics of companies using machine learning algorithms, particularly Random Forest. This research is applied in nature and conducted using a descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population includes companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2011–2023, with 141 companies selected using a systematic elimination method. For model training, financial data of the companies from 2011 to 2019 were used, and the model was tested on actual data for the period 2020 to 2023. The results showed that the model performed very accurately in the training phase, with a coefficient of determination R2=0.89R² = 0.89R2=0.89 and a low error (MAE = 0.0217). In the testing phase, the model still provided acceptable results with R2=0.71R² = 0.71R2=0.71 and MAE = 0.0543. Variables such as fixed assets, inventory, and accounts receivable had the highest impact on predicting earnings quality. Ultimately, the proposed model can serve as an effective tool for financial analysts and investors in evaluating companies’ earnings quality.   

In the era of digital transformation, smart governance has emerged as a modern paradigm in public management and policymaking — a paradigm that, by leveraging emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and cloud computing, enables the design and implementation of data?driven, tra  arent, accountable, and participatory decision?making systems. This study aims to define the key indicators and dimensions of smart governance — including tra  arency, accountability, effectiveness, justice, sustainability, and citizen participation — and to analyze practical models such as e?government, the participatory model, the data?driven model, and smart urban governance. Furthermore, the study examines applications of smart governance in critical areas such as healthcare, education, security, environment, energy, diplomacy, and urban management. Through a comparative analysis of the experiences of leading countries — including the United States, China, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom — the research explores the opportunities, challenges, and requirements for implementing smart governance in Iran and proposes policy and technical solutions for its realization. The findings of this study can provide both theoretical and practical foundations for improving the quality of governance and enhancing sustainable development indicators in the country.   

Financial development refers to a situation in which the provision of financial services by financial institutions expands and all members of society benefit from a wide range of services (Malekshahi, 2013). Financial development consists of two indicators: liquidity available in the capital market and liquidity available in the banking system (Ahmadian, 2010). Due to the higher capacity and influence of banks in the country, bank-based financial development has been more prevalent since the 1979 Revolution. Development is divided into two parts: economic development and financial development. In the financial development dimension, banks play a key role in mobilizing diverse resources, ensuring their appropriate, accurate, efficient, and tra  arent circulation in transactions, and providing financing (Yujue Wang, 2024). Smart banking, as one of the vital infrastructures of the banking industry, plays a crucial role in the distribution of banking services (Karimkhani, 2023). One of the important areas in making society smarter to exploit the capabilities of smart banking systems is that the structural system of banks defines and deploys smart tools, and the target audience uses these tools. Therefore, the share of financial transactions conducted through these financial tools out of total transactions can be considered a percentage of smart financial development tools. In this study, which aims to examine the effect of smart financial depth on inflation and unemployment indicators across the provinces of the country, the smart financial depth index is defined and calculated by multiplying two indices: financial depth and the smart depth coefficient. The smart depth coefficient is calculated and extracted based on the ratio of mobile banking transactions to total transactions, using the reported statistical data and information of the country’s banking sector. Inflation and economic growth indicators are extracted from the monthly reports of the Statistical Center of Iran as well as regional accounts data, and after ensuring their temporal consistency, they are utilized in the analysis. In this research, control and instrumental variables related to economic and social conditions are also included in the model to prevent bias in the results. Finally, by applying diagnostic tests such as the Sargan test and autocorrelation tests, the validity of the instruments and the correctness of the model are evaluated to ensure that the research findings are sufficiently reliable and can serve as an appropriate basis for policy decision-making. Ultimately, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between smart financial depth and unemployment and inflation rates across the provinces of the country.  

Corporate sustainability performance has recently gained significant traction worldwide. Adoption of Industry 4. 0 technologies such as financial technology and utilization of critical organizational resources are of great importance for the sustainability and performance of companies. This study uses the Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT) and the Resource-Based Viewpoint (RBV) to assess the effects of fintech adoption (FA) and financial literacy (FL) of banks and financial institutions on various dimensions of their sustainability performance. This study also aims to determine the role of access to financial resources in the impact of financial technology adoption and financial literacy on improving sustainable performance. Therefore، this study uses data from listed banks. 14 banks were surveyed annually over a twelve-year period from the beginning of 1391 to the end of 1402. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The research findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between the adoption of financial technology and improving the sustainable performance of the company. There is a significant relationship between financial literacy and improving the sustainable performance of the company. Access to financial resources has a significant effect on the relationship between the adoption of financial technology and improving the sustainable performance of the company. Also، access to financial resources has a significant effect on the relationship between financial literacy and improving the sustainable performance of the company.

Political attention in developing countries means the ability and power to make decisions in the allocation of scarce resources of the country in regions where the country's economic managers and decision-makers are from that region or are influenced by parliamentarians, influential or pressure groups, or processes that redirect scarce resources that can be allocated in favor of some regions with more attention. This process will be formed in a hidden and hidden way in the numbers of economic indicators. But some constructed economic indicators can demonstrate part of this power and ability to apply more attention. In this study, the effect of the political attention coefficient through budget allocation, financial facilities, employment policies, and taxes on inflation and economic growth of provinces in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1385-1402 was examined. Using the FMOLS model, the results showed that PFI, PBI, EPR enhance growth but increase inflation, while Total Tax reduces growth and inflation.   

   اين مطالعه به بررسي تأثير هوش مصنوعي در آموزش و عملكرد حسابداري مي‌پردازد و نياز احتمالي به به‌روزرساني برنامه‌هاي درسي در دانشگاه‌هاي ايران را ارزيابي مي‌كند. با توجه به سرعت تحولات در حوزه فناوري هوش مصنوعي و تأثير آن بر صنعت حسابداري و نياز به آمادگي دانشجويان حسابداري براي بازار كاري با محوريت فناوري، اين پژوهش ميزان آمادگي دانشجويان حسابداري را براي پذيرش هوش مصنوعي دربرنامه‌هاي درسي خود با بررسي عواملي از جمله آمادگي فناوري‌ دانشجويان، مهارت‌هاي ديجيتالي شامل سواد ديجيتال و سواد اطلاعاتي، ادراك سودمندي و ادراك سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي ارزيابي كرد. در اين پژوهش با انجام نظرسنجي از 284 نفر از دانشجويان مقطع كارشناسي حسابداري دانشگاه‌هاي دولتي غرب كشور با استفاده از پرسشنامه، اطلاعات لازم جمع آوري شد. و سپس داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهاي آماري و PLS تحليل شدند. نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه آمادگي فناوري، سواد ديجيتالي، سواد اطلاعاتي، سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي و سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي بر پذيرش فناوري هوش مصنوعي اثر مثبت و معنادار دارند. همچنين نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه آمادگي فناوري بر سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي و سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي اثر مثبت و معنادار دارد. در ادامه نتايج نشان دادند سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي بر سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي اثر مثبت و معنادار دارد و در نهايت مشخص شد كه رابطه بين آمادگي فناوري و پذيرش فناوري هوش مصنوعي توسط سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي و سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي به طور مثبت و معنادار، واسطه گري مي‌شود.

  One of

Today, limited energy resources and increasing world population have faced countries with an energy consumption crisis. Considering the contemporary and rapidly changing society, renewable energies are emerging as a key element in advancing environmental resilience and energy independence. The limited resources of non-renewable (fossil) energies and the increase in environmental pollution caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels are considered problems in energy consumption. These factors increase the importance of renewable energy consumption. The issue of environmental pollution and economic issues has led to the emergence of an approach called green economy. This goal will not be achieved unless the causes and obstacles to achieving it are analyzed. Although there are numerous studies on the effects of renewable energies, few studies have been conducted on the impact of renewable energy consumption on green growth and life expectancy. With the aim of filling this research gap, the effect of renewable energy consumption on green growth and life expectancy in RECAI countries will be examined using a wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile regression model.

   Today, unemployment is a major economic challenge in Iran, significantly impacting the country's economic performance and creating various economic difficulties. E-commerce, as a sector influenced by technological advancements, plays a substantial role in generating new employment opportunities for the economy. However, the development of this sector is not solely dependent on the level of a country's digitalization but is also related to the speed of technology adoption and its integration into business environments.E-commerce has led to the formation of new businesses and is characterized by the diminished role of distance, reduced transaction costs, facilitated information gathering, balanced supply and demand, decreased need for intermediaries, and reduced necessity for physical presence. As a symbol of the modern economy, e-commerce is considered one of the most critical drivers of societal progress and holds a significant share in global trade.The objective of this research is to examine the effect of e-commerce development on employment in Iran using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the EViews software. For this purpose, monthly data from the years 2015 to 2023 (1394 to 1402 in the Persian calendar) has been utilized. This study is descriptive in nature and applied in terms of its purpose. The current research is based on the hypothesis that e-commerce development has a positive effect on employment. Therefore, considering the positive impact of e-commerce on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the estimation results indicate that the development of e-commerce has had a positive effect on employment in Iran.

The Iranian economy's heavy dependence on oil revenues has challenged financial sustainability, and the tax structure is a key tool to address this problem. This study examines the impact of components of the tax structure on Iran's financial sustainability during the period 1380-1402.    Time series data were collected from official sources and estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method in two dynamic models. The first model confirms that wealth and import taxes reduce the budget deficit in the short and long run, but the norm and unemployment exacerbate the deficit in the long run. The second model shows an inverse relationship between tax rates and unemployment and the budget deficit in the long run, while economic growth and per capita income reduce it. These results are consistent with the theories of the Laffer curve, optimal taxation, and endogenous growth, and the error correction test confirmed the rapid adjustment of imbalances (50 to 209 percent in each period). This study emphasizes reforming the tax system by broadening the tax base and strengthening wealth and import taxes to reduce dependence on oil and ensure fiscal sustainability  

  Income inequality has always been regarded as one of the most significant political, social, and economic concerns worldwide. It is also one of the challenges that has drawn the attention of policymakers and economic authorities in Iran in recent decades. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing income distribution is crucial in policymaking. Accordingly, the present study seeks to empirically examine the relationship between fiscal policy (government expenditures, tax rates, and financial development) and income inequality (Gini coefficient) using the Markov-Switching approach, with quarterly data from 2001 to 2022. The results of the study indicate that the hypothesis of symmetry regarding the effects of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes on income distribution in Iran during recessions and booms can be rejected. The impact of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes—as indicators of fiscal policy—on income distribution is greater during booms than during recessions. These findings suggest that fiscal policy has asymmetric effects on income distribution in Iran.

In the contemporary world, food security, as one of the main pillars of sustainable development and social welfare, plays a central role in the economic and social policies of countries. This concept, which, according to the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), emphasizes universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, is affected by several factors, including exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate, as a macroeconomic variable, can affect food access, supply stability, and nutritional quality through its impact on import costs, domestic inflation, and household purchasing power. In developing economies such as Iran, which have a significant dependence on food imports and agricultural inputs, exchange rate fluctuations have become a major challenge for maintaining food security. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of these fluctuations on various dimensions of food security has received less attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on food security in Iran during the period 2010-2013. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) econometric method and time series data, this study seeks to identify the channels of exchange rate impact on the Food Security Index (FSI) and to provide policy solutions to reduce its negative effects. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective for policymaking in the field of food security.   

   In the contemporary world, fiscal decentralization has been considered as a solution to improve the efficiency, tra  arency, and financial sustainability of governments, especially in developing economies. This process, by transferring financial authority from the central government to local levels, can have significant effects on resource management and financial sustainability. However, the impact of fiscal decentralization on government financial sustainability in centralized economies such as Iran has been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization on government financial sustainability in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1390-1402. Using the FMOLS econometric method and panel data, the effects of fiscal decentralization (FD), economic growth (GDP), inflation (INF), and unemployment (UN) variables on government financial sustainability (FS) were examined. The results showed that fiscal decentralization has a significant and negative effect on financial sustainability by reducing current expenditures and improves it. In contrast, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment weaken financial sustainability by increasing expenditures. These findings are consistent with the theories of fiscal decentralization and budget sustainability and emphasize the importance of strengthening the fiscal autonomy of provinces. By providing a framework based on provincial data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers suggestions for fiscal policymaking in Iran.

   In economic literature, financial development is considered one of the prerequisites for the economic growth and development of countries. Financial development significantly impacts economic reconstruction and contributes to long-term economic growth and the performance of relevant institutions. The development of financial markets is considered one of the necessities for the economic prosperity of a country. If financial markets are efficient, all elements of financial markets, including money and capital markets, will also have an efficiency and effectiveness index. Economic growth is known as the main engine of financial development. Increasing GDP and per capita income increase the demand for financial services. As the economy grows, companies and individuals have a greater need for financing; therefore, financial markets develop. Foreign direct investment also plays a key role in financial development as a transfer of capital, technology, managerial knowledge, and experience from developed countries to developing countries. In the most important stage, the effect of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable was analyzed using the generalized moments method, and the results are as follows: All coefficients have an appropriate level of significance, and the sign of the obtained coefficients is consistent with the expected sign of economic theories, and the detection coefficient is at an appropriate level. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product (GNP), Financial Development, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

   Income inequality is one of the main challenges facing middle-income countries on the path to sustainable development and inclusive growth. In this regard, financial inclusion and the development of the financial system can play an important role in reducing inequality. This study aims to investigate the role of financial inclusion, through the channel of financial development, on income inequality in a comparative study of Iran and a panel of selected middle-income countries from 2005 to 2023. The central research question is whether and how a country's level of financial development affects the effectiveness of financial inclusion in reducing income inequality. To test the research hypotheses, a panel data model using the Fixed Effects method was employed, incorporating an interaction term to measure the channel role of financial development. Income inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, while financial inclusion and financial development are measured using standard international indicators. The key findings of the research indicate that financial inclusion, by itself, has a strong, negative, and statistically significant effect on income inequality. Financial development is also independently associated with a reduction in inequality. However, the study's most significant finding, derived from the analysis of the interaction term, reveals a more complex and non-linear relationship. The positive and significant coefficient of the interaction term implies that as the level of financial development increases, the inequality-reducing power of financial inclusion diminishes. In other words, the effectiveness of financial inclusion in mitigating inequality is considerably greater in countries with lower levels of financial development. This finding carries important policy implications: policymakers should adopt a conditional, two-stage approach. In the early stages of development, focusing on expanding access to basic financial services can be a highly effective tool for reducing inequality. In later stages, however, the policy focus must shift towards structural reforms that ensure the "inclusiveness" and "efficiency" of the entire financial system, allowing its benefits to be broadly distributed and contributing to a sustainable reduction in inequality.

Fair distribution of income is one of the obvious examples of social justice, and nowadays it is one of the main concerns of all countries, both developed and developing. Many researchers believe that the main reason for poverty in today's world is not the lack of income, but the unfair and unequal distribution of income. Dealing with income   inequality, which will eventually turn into economic and social inequality, is very important, and this will not be achieved unless the causes and factors affecting income   inequality are identified, evaluated and analyzed. In this regard, in this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of the cryptocurrency market on the income inequality of selected developing and developed countries using the panel data method during the period of 2019-2023.  

  Today, trade openness is considered as one of the fundamental pillars in the process of economic globalization and the development of e-business. Reducing trade barriers and increasing international interactions not only provide the basis for the transfer of new technologies and increasing access to global markets, but also improve productivity, increase competitiveness, reduce transaction costs, and expand innovation opportunities. These factors, along with the expansion of digital infrastructure and the growth of e-commerce, can directly affect the improvement of social welfare indicators and the achievement of sustainable development. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of trade openness on the development of e-business in Iran and analyzes the relationships between key variables of the digital economy and international trade using the ARDL econometric model. The research findings showed that investment in digital infrastructure, improving the quality of communication services, and paying attention to the principles of sustainable development play a fundamental role in the growth of e-commerce in Iran. However, the results obtained indicate that trade openness in the current conditions of Iran has not had a significant effect on the expansion of e-commerce and the increase in the number of businesses with the electronic trust symbol (Einmod). This is due to several key factors: first, extensive sanctions and restrictions on trade and financial exchanges that have prevented Iran from taking advantage of the potential capacities of trade openness. second, the structural dependence of the economy on natural resources, especially oil and gas, and the fragility of the domestic economy against fluctuations in global energy prices. third, institutional and infrastructural weaknesses in areas such as tra  ortation, logistics, the banking system, and access to new technologies. At the same time, additional studies show that trade openness can indirectly and in the long term affect the development of e-commerce by facilitating technology transfer, increasing knowledge-based interactions, and creating competition in domestic markets. However, the realization of these effects requires the removal of structural barriers, institutional reforms, and improvement of international relations. Accordingly, the research results emphasize that policymakers, in addition to pursuing the expansion of trade interactions, should pay special attention to developing information technology infrastructure, strengthening the financial and banking system, and enhancing the competitive capabilities of domestic firms so that the positive effects of trade openness on e-commerce in Iran become apparent.

  In recent years, earnings quality has attracted considerable attention in accounting and finance research as a key indicator for evaluating the tra  arency and reliability of financial information. This study aims to examine the impact of CEO overconfidence on the relationship between managerial ability and earnings quality in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2017–2023. The statistical population includes all listed companies during this period, and based on screening criteria, a sample of 141 companies was selected. The research is quantitative and descriptive-analytical, with data collected from secondary sources, including audited financial statements, explanatory notes, board reports, and the CODAL system. The study variables were extracted and calculated, and multiple regression analysis in EViews 12 was used to evaluate the relationships among them. The findings indicate that managerial ability has a significant positive relationship with earnings quality, and CEO overconfidence plays a meaningful moderating role in this relationship, reducing the effect of managerial ability on earnings quality. The results emphasize that attention to managerial behavioral traits and the enhancement of managerial ability are essential for improving the tra  arency and reliability of corporate financial reporting.

   This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability. This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability.

   Investor decision-making is influenced by many behavioral biases. Since there are many uncertainties in the decision-making process, risk is inherently involved in every decision, and its role is much less for investments that are influenced by behavioral biases. Therefore, investors should focus on overcoming these biases and think about the risk in investment decisions to prevent unwanted losses. However, over the past two decades, research on behavioral biases has grown significantly, and the purpose of this study was to study the mediating role of risk perception on the relationship between exploratory biases and decision-making of individual stock investors. The statistical population of the present study consisted of individual investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange, and 384 people were selected as statistical sample members using the Cochran sampling formula from among the members of the wider community, and the sample members were selected based on the simple random sampling method. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire and the statistical analysis of the data was done through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings of the study indicate that risk perception played a mediating role in the relationship between availability, agency, overconfidence, and anchoring biases with individual investors' investment decision-making, but it did not play a role in the relationship between gambler's fallacy bias and investment decision-making. The results of this study can provide valuable insights into the various behavioral biases of capital market participants and other stakeholders such as stock investors, financial advisors, and policymakers. However, in the real world, there are many other factors that can affect individual investors' investment decisions.   

In the contemporary world, smart economy has become a key factor in the economic transformation of countries by expanding its effects on various economic sectors, including the development of research and development, technology-based employment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. This process, relying on needs such as reducing production costs, accurate and fast documentation, efficient financial transactions, and reducing human error, not only increases productivity, but also transforms government systems, banking, and competitive markets. However, the effects of smart economy on macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and growth, especially in emerging economies, have been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of smart economy on inflation and economic growth in the BRICS countries (including new members including Iran) during the period 2005-2023. The results showed that smart economy, while strengthening economic growth through increased productivity, can increase inflation in the short term due to initial infrastructure costs. By providing a dual framework and utilizing up-to-date data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective in this field.

Abstract Oil is one of the most crucial energy resources in the global economy, and its price fluctuations have significant impacts on national economies. This study examines the effect of oil price shocks on inflation in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) during the period 2010–2023 using the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) model. For a more comprehensive analysis, the impact of oil price shocks was first estimated for all MENA countries, followed by a separate evaluation for oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. The results indicate that the effect of oil prices on inflation in oil-exporting and oil-importing countries has been dynamic and variable over time. In the initial phase, an increase in oil prices led to a decline in inflation in oil-exporting countries, which could be attributed to government management of oil revenues and price controls. In oil-importing countries, this relationship was initially indirect, possibly due to regulatory policies aimed at preventing the rise in production and consumption costs. However, in the subsequent phase, as oil prices continued to rise, the relationship between oil prices and inflation became direct. In oil-exporting countries, increased oil revenues resulted in higher liquidity, boosted domestic demand, and consequently led to inflation, a phenomenon that can be linked to Dutch disease. In oil-importing countries, the rise in production, tra  ortation, and import costs contributed to higher inflation rates. By the end of the study period, the impact of oil price shocks on inflation had moderated, likely due to economic adjustments to oil price fluctuations and the implementation of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. The findings of this study emphasize that oil shocks have a significant effect on inflation in the MENA region; however, these effects have evolved over time and depend on each country's economic policies and structural conditions. These results can assist policymakers in adopting appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of oil price volatility on inflation.

 In the present study, the aim is to examine the impact of variables on poverty in Middle Eastern countries, covering the period 2007-2020. Econometric methods are also used to examine the relationships between variables. The software used in this study is Eviews.

The trend of global economic dependence of countries due to the growth of cross-border trade, capital transfers, and economic globalization has been one of the most important phenomena of the last decade. This phenomenon, along with the many opportunities it has created, has caused many concerns, including employment and unemployment. In this study, the effect of foreign trade on employment in two groups of developed and developing countries for a specific period of time was examined through the combined data regression method. Based on the findings of the study, for developed countries, exports have a positive effect and imports have a negative effect on unemployment, and for developing countries, both exports and imports have become meaningless.

  Acquiring housing is one of the country's economic goals. One of the factors influencing housing prices is income distribution. With the improvement of income distribution, the price of housing decreases. Using the statistical evidence of Iran, the present study investigates the effect of income distribution policy on housing prices in the period of 1395-1400 in the provinces of Iran. In this regard, the panel data approach is used. The results obtained from this research show that income distribution has a positive and significant effect on housing prices. In other words, with the increase in income inequality, housing prices will also increase. Regarding housing demand, the results indicated a positive and significant effect of housing demand on housing prices.

The market value of companies and stock prices can be significantly affected by various factors such as exchange rate changes, liquidity and inflation. The exchange rate has always influenced the behavior of active actors in the financial markets. On the other hand, the prosperity and development of the capital market in Iran can be one of the ways to attract and direct liquidity towards productive activities and achieve long-term and continuous economic growth. Based on this, the current research has investigated the effects of monetary policy uncertainty on Iran's stock returns using the auto-regression with extended intervals (ARDL) approach using annual time series data during the period 1370-1400. The research results show that the effect of monetary policy uncertainty, inflation and exchange rate on stock returns in the long term is significant.   

   One of the main problems of Iran's economy is the high inflation rate. Several factors are effective on the high inflation rate in Iran's economy, and their identification is of particular importance. In this research, the effect of commercial banks' debt and the government's budget deficit on inflation in Iran has been discussed. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of commercial banks' debt and government budget deficit on the inflation rate in Iran's economy by using Iran's economic statistics during the period of 1385-1401 and applying the vector autoregression error correction method with distributional interval. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran.

رسال? پيش رو پژوهشي است دربار? تحليل مردم نگاران? «مور» و «مورخواني» نزد ايل كاكاوند در شهر هرسين و روستاهاي مجاور. چارچوب مفهومي پژوهش، «گفته»، «چندصدايي» و «بينامتنيت» در انديش? ميخاييل باختين است. روش پژوهش تركيبي از مردم نگاري و تحليل متن است. فنون گردآوري داده‌ها مشاهد? مشاركتي و مصاحب? عميق و بررسي اسناد است. فنون تجزيه و تحليل در حيط? مردم نگاري توصيف، تحليل و تفسير و در حيط? تحليل متن مقوله ‌بندي «كليمه‌ها» (اشعار) است. در اين پژوهش پس از گردآوري، آوانگاري و دسته بندي كليمه‌ها، ارجاعات اجتماعي مور استخراج شده و اجراي مور به مثابه گفته مورد تحليل قرار گرفته است. آنگاه با تكيه بر مفاهيم تئوريك «گفته»، «بينامتنيت» و «چند صدايي» متن مورها تحليل و بررسي شده است. يافته‌ها نشان مي‌دهد كه مور با پيش متن‌هاي مختلفي از قبيل آثار و متون ادبي، ديني و ... ارتباط بينامتني دارد و با شاهنامه فردوسي بيشترين ارتباط بينامتني را داراست و با تكيه بر نتايج حاصل از پژوهش و تعاريف باختين از چند صدايي و اهميت تقسيم صدا ميان افراد جامعه براي به وجود آمدن فضاي چندصدايي، مي‌توان ادعا كرد كه مور واجد امكانات چند صدايي بوده و متني گفتگومند است.  

  Energy poverty refers to social and economic problems that are different from poverty in its traditional sense and originates from the need of households to allocate an inappropriate share of their income for energy services. In Iran's economy, the inefficiency of the houses without households becomes energy services, the use of dangerous fuels, the consumption of consumable fuels to provide the energy needed at home, for cooking and heating. In such cases, governments should present themselves to solve the problems of energy poverty along with other perspectives. However, little attention seems to have been paid to reveal the effects of government spending on energy poverty in developing countries, especially in Iran's economy, which is often criticized for inefficiency in public spending. In this regard, this study investigates the asymmetric effects of government spending on energy poverty in Iran using the NARDL approach during the period of 1380-1400. The results of the hypothesis test showed that public expenses, as an indicator of government performance, have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty. Also, the variables of economic growth rate, income distribution and good governance also have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty.

   Employment, as one of the most important determining factors in the economy, plays a key role in creating economic and political stability, for this reason, paying attention to labor force employment in all countries is of particular importance.   In Iran, considering that unemployment is one of the biggest economic challenges, the employment of the workforce has become one of the main concerns of policymakers and economists in this regard, among the sectors that can play a significant role in creating employment and economic prosperity.   is a cooperative sector.   Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the effects of the development of the cooperative sector on employment in Iran.   For this purpose, the autoregressive econometric method with asymmetric extended breaks (NARDL) has been used in the period of 1380 to 1400.   The results of the first model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable increasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   In the long term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of the added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the largest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   The results of the second model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the decreasing effect of the variable private investment has the largest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives in the long term.   Also, the variable increasing effect of the ratio of added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the greatest positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives.

  The main problem of this research is to analyze and investigate non-communicable and chronic diseases as a social issue. Contrary to the approach of medicalization that limits non-communicable diseases to individual and biological factors, in this research it has been argued that social relations, including political economy relations, play the main role in contracting these diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made to analyze non-communicable diseases in their entirety. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to reveal the social, economic and political dimensions of non-communicable diseases and emphasize the fact that non-communicable diseases have a class and social pattern. The current research method is critical and relies on political economy. The technique of data collection is documentary and the method of data analysis is also theoretical. Research findings show that the main risk factors of chronic diseases include unhealthy diet, inactivity, smoking, exposure to environmental pollution, and the distribution of these factors is influenced by social relations and socio-economic factors. Because the level of access and benefit of different strata and groups to the desired level of health requires a high social and economic status. This means that the more people have a higher class status, the healthier their lifestyle will be. Therefore, the risk factors of non-communicable diseases threaten the lower classes of society more. Adopting a social and political economy approach towards non-communicable and chronic diseases causes the identification of structural factors of society and the way of distribution of wealth and resources in society instead of individual and biological factors. From this point of view, the control of this disease requires fundamental social changes.

  The role of energy poverty as one of the important factors in economic growth will provide the basis for economic development or lack of it. On the other hand, explaining the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth can play an important role in setting and formulating energy sector policies. From Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth in MENA member countries in the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis of patterns is FMOLS, PVAR.According to the results obtained from the research, energy poverty has a one-way relationship with economic growth, and in the long term, it has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of 14 MENA member countries in the period of 2010 to 2022.

  Abstract Culture can be considered one of the most important factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in universities. Most of the entrepreneurial culture in today's societies is influenced by the institutionalization of the culture of science in the society. Entrepreneurial universities can facilitate the achievement of the third mission of the university, namely economic development, through the spread of entrepreneurial culture in universities. The aim of the current research is to provide a model for culture in an entrepreneurial university. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of qualitative approach, and it was carried out by using the foundational data theory method (Strauss and Corbin). According to the purpose of the research, the studied community of experts in the field of culture and entrepreneurship in Razi University were considered. 15 people were selected from among this community according to indicators such as experience, expertise, desire, ability and availability through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Based on this, professors from the management, entrepreneurship, economics, sociology and university executives, including the growth center and the industry and society liaison office, were interviewed. The views of the participants, which were organized through the interview protocol, were collected and analyzed. The analysis of data in this section was done using the classical fundamental theory method (Strauss and Corbin) during a regular process and at the same time continuous comparison of data in three stages of open, central and selective coding, formulation and design of the theory. . The main components of the Grenand Theory method in this research briefly include: Causal factors that are expressed with sub-categories (scientific, managerial, systemic and entrepreneurial orientation); Contextual factors that are expressed with sub-categories (personal, social, relational and knowledge); The intervention factors that were expressed with the sub-categories (facilitation, implementation, support, belief and education); the strategic factors that were expressed with the sub-categories (legal, content and interaction); And finally, the results of the actions taken, which include financial, developmental and occupational categories. The general proposal of the research: The structure and university system should be revised in the layers and levels that lead to changes in management and education methods and practices. In order to achieve this goal, the university, as the scientific and economic driving force of the society, should incorporate the entrepreneurial culture and use it as an emphasized norm.

  The financial sector always plays a fundamental role in human development, on the other hand, the movement towards industrialization has increased the speed of human development. Therefore, the relationship between financial development and industrialization on human capital seems important and necessary. In this study, the impact of financial development and industrialization on human capital has been explained and considered by considering other variables affecting human development such as commercial freedom, government size and inflation. The time and place period used in this research is from 1357 to 1400 using the maximum available data for Iran. Based on this, the current research uses the autoregression method with extended breaks (ARDL) in time series to measure the effect of financial development and industrialization on human capital in Iran during the period (1357-1400). The research results show that financial development and industrialization have had a positive and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400). Economic growth and the size of the government have had a negative and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400) and commercial freedom has not had a significant effect.

   The inequality of economic growth is one of the main factors for the heterogeneous distribution of labor and capital and the cause of political and economic crises, because inequality implies the inability of policymakers to benefit from the capacities and potentials of many regions. In this regard, the present study, using the spatial econometric approach and the spatial tile index, examines the effect of financial development on the convergence of economic growth of the province and the analysis of growth inequality for the period of 2007-2020, the results of the study show that 88% of the difference in the economic growth of the provinces It is caused by productivity, which is caused by the financial development and the heterogeneous economic structures of the regions following the application of inputs, in addition to this, the convergence of economic growth with regard to the real and nominal GDP index has been confirmed in all models, and the spillover effects of economic growth The graph is negative, which indicates the limitation of resources and the lack of endogenous economic growth in Iran, finally, financial development plays an important role in the convergence of growth, but their spillover effects have caused the divergence of economic growth in limited cases, so paying attention to the potential of the regions And providing policies in order to benefit from the potential is the most important policy proposal for the present study.

Forecasting the movement of stock market indices is one of the most important topics that is very important for investors, analysts and capital market experts. Due to the fact that the stock market is known as one of the most important financial markets in the world, forecasting stock market indices can be used as an important tool in the decisions of investors and analysts in the capital market. In the meantime, predicting the index of groups can help financial decision makers to make better decisions about the composition of their stock portfolio. There are many algorithms and methods for prediction. These algorithms are usually developed based on time series data analysis. For example, statistical and mathematical methods such as: linear regression, neural networks and machine learning algorithms can be used for prediction. The main goal of this thesis is to compare two artificial neural network models of multilayer perceptron (MLP) and autoregressive processes of cumulative moving average (ARIMA) to predict the indices of four selected stock market groups (automobiles and parts manufacturing, basic metals, pharmaceutical materials and products, and finished products). petroleum products). The time period of the data used in this thesis is from 01/01/1394 to 10/11/1401 on a daily basis. RMSE and MAPE evaluation criteria were used to compare the prediction accuracy of the models. The results showed that the MLP model has a better performance than the ARIMA model in predicting the two groups of automobiles and the manufacture of petroleum products and parts, and the ARIMA model performed better in the case of the two groups of pharmaceutical materials and products and basic metals.  

پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسي تأثير سرمايه انساني و سرمايه اجتماعي بر كارآفريني سازماني در بيمارستان‌هاي شهرستان كرمانشاه انجام گرديد. اين پژوهش ازنظر هدف كاربردي و ازنظر نحوه‌ي گردآوري داده‌ها توصيفي و از نوع همبستگي است. ابزار گردآوري شامل پرسشنامه‌هاي سرمايه انساني (اميري،1391)، پرسشنامه سرمايه اجتماعي( ناهابيت و گوشال،1996) و پرسشنامه كارآفريني سازماني (دس و همكاران،2003) بود.جهت تجزيه‌وتحليل داده‌هاي پژوهش از نرم‌افزار آماري21-    و روش‌هاي آمار توصيفي شامل ميانگين و انحراف استاندارد، گلموگروف اسميرونوف و روش آمار استنباطي تحليل رگرسيون استفاده شد. نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه متغيرهاي سرمايه انساني و سرمايه اجتماعي بر(كارآفريني سازماني) تأثير دارند. ضرايب رگرسيوني متغيرهاي سرمايه انساني و سرمايه اجتماعي نشان داد كه   سرمايه انساني   با 52/0=?،3/0=t   و سرمايه اجتماعي با 17/0=?،34/0=t   مي‌توانند بر كارآفريني سازماني تأثيرگذار باشد.همچنين سرمايه دانش، تخصص، مهارت ،ساختاري، شناختي و ارتباطي واريانس كارآفريني سازماني را تبيين مي­كنند.

  Abstract During the last three decades, the countries that are members of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization have moved their production model towards the knowledge-based production model, especially the production of high-tech products, in order to increase the per capita income of their country. According to UNIDO data, in 2021, the largest share of Iran's industrial export structure is source-oriented, and the share of high-tech products is about half a percent, which has caused Iran's per capita income to be low compared to other countries in the region. The knowledge-based production method requires attention to the prerequisites for achieving this production model. South Korea is a successful example of the leading countries in the field of production and export of nanotechnology products. The set of actions of this country in its nanotechnology market includes the cultivation of human skills, the development of appropriate communication infrastructures, investment in research and development of high-tech products, attention to the importance of innovation, and the support of the South Korean government to small and medium-sized companies. In this research, following the introduction of the most important prerequisites for the realization of the knowledge-based production model, the most important variables affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, and also investigating the effect of each of the variables on the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran through the estimation of the GMM model over a period of time. 1390-1400 and introducing some policies for reforming production methods in Iran.According to the research findings, the cost of research and development, working manpower, capital stock and the degree of openness of the economy are the most important factors affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, as well as the importance of lifelong learning, the importance of innovation, information and communication infrastructures. Appropriate, change in management methods and government support are the most important prerequisites for the realization of this production method. In this regard, the most important strategic policies for increasing nanotechnology production, including science, technology, and innovation policies, as well as policies for direct support, indirect support, catalytic financial support, and policies for improving macro conditions and infrastructure development, have been introduced. Keywords: knowledge-based economy, nanotechnology, South Korea, strategic policies

The emergence of some important political, economic, social and biological crises has an important role in changing the behavior of human society, especially from the point of view of macro decisions of a country with an economic approach. The preventive and control measures of the corona virus crisis, which require a comprehensive, systematic and multi-dimensional approach, have led to changes in the economic behavior of people in the society, which has caused the country's economic system to face serious challenges.Therefore, the study of the economic situation of the household in the last two years, the effectiveness of the country's decisions regarding the control of the Covid-19 disease and its impact on the economy, the social and economic behavior of the people in the face of such crises in order to prevent challenges and try to create a A healthy economy and its protection are very necessary.In this research, considering the approach of examining the responses of the studied statistical population through the publication of a questionnaire in the virtual space, as well as the use of statistics center data, library documents, related articles, etc., also taking into account the economic situation of the studied population. The study in the last two years uses experimental, content analysis, documentary and descriptive methods. Finally, in the final chapters of the thesis, quantitative data will be analyzed by descriptive statistics and regression methods.The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the spread of the Covid-19 disease on the food security, livelihood and economy of the studied households in Kermanshah province based on the results of an internet survey in a short period of time.   

  چكيده امروزه سرمايه اجتماعي نقش بسيار مهمتر از سرمايه فيزيكي و انساني در جوامع ايفا مي كند و شبكه هاي روابط جمعي و گروهي انسجام بخش ميان انسانها و سازمانهاست . از اين رو در غياب سرمايه اجتماعي، ساير سرمايه ها اثربخشي خود را از دست مي دهند و بدون سرمايه اجتماعي پيمودن راههاي توسعه و تكامل فرهنگي و اقتصادي ناهموار و دشوار مي شود و با تغيرات نرخ ارز در ارتباط است . لذا در مطالعه حاضر به بررسي تاثير تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي پرداخته شده است. تحقيق به لحاظ هدف از نوع مطالعات كاربردي و به لحاظ روش تحقيق از نوع مطالعات توصيفي – همبستگي مي باشد. از بين كليه شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با توجه به شرايط ورود به مطالعه در طي سالهاي 1376 تا 1396 تعداد 95 شركت به روش حذف سيستماتيك انتخاب شدند . نتايج نشان مي دهد كه تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي ساختاري، شناختي و رابطه اي در شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران تاثير معني داري وجود دارد.

Urbanization and industrialization are two important economic phenomena that have a complementary relationship, therefore, in favorable economic structures, urbanization is the source of inputs and the market for industrial products, and industry is able to meet the needs of urbanization, in this regard, the present research using statistical evidence of the provinces Iran investigates the relationship between urbanization and industrialization for the period 1390-1398 and using the systemic generalized moments approach, the results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between urbanization and industrialization in Iran's economy, in addition to this growth Industrialization has caused the growth of urbanization, and the growth of urbanization has caused an increase in industrialization due to the spillover effects of technology and knowledge among the workforce. Also, human capital and the ratio of credits have a positive and significant effect on urbanization, and economic growth has increased industrialization, so improving the quality of human capital, focusing credits on value-added activities is the most important policy to improve the relationship between industrialization and urbanization.  

   Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA

تورم و نوسانات آن بر اقتصاد هر كشور تأثير زيادي دارد كه در اين بين عدم توانايي سياست پولي براي كاهش نرخ تورم به دليل پايداري تورم، هنگامي كه انتظارات افراد به صورت عقلايي باشد، مسأله‎ي مهمي است. زماني كه مقامات پولي طبق صلاحديد خودشان عمل كنند، مي‎تواند يكي از عوامل مهم تورش تورمي باشد. بر همين اساس اهداف پژوهش حاضر به صورت بررسي پايداري تورم و امكان بازگشت تورم به ميانگين بلندمدت و همچنين بررسي اثر سياست‌هاي پولي بر تورم است.   

  Paying attention to economic growth as one of the goals of countries, especially developing countries, is of significant importance. One of the factors affecting sustainable economic growth is energy consumption. But on the other hand, sustainable economic growth can be a determining factor in energy consumption. The price of energy and the shock resulting from its fluctuations have always been interesting topics in macroeconomics, and there is considerable theoretical and empirical literature in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between oil and gas prices and sustainable economic growth in Iran. The data used in this research was collected seasonally and at the base price of 2010 in the period of 2000-2020 and analyzed through Excel and Eviews 9 software. The base model is the VAR model, which was used to investigate the causal relationship between two variables using the Granger causality and Toda-Yamumoto tests. The results showed that at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the first hypothesis of the research is accepted and there is a significant and positive relationship between oil price and economic growth in Iran. Also, at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the hypothesis of the research that sustainable economic growth is attractive to the price of oil and gas is accepted, and the amount of this elasticity is equal to 1.159.

  The purpose of this research is to provide a model for customer life cycle management in social network banking. Other objectives of the research are to determine the weight and relative importance of the indicators used in the grouping of bank customers, to determine the CLV position of each of the customer categories and to determine the appropriate strategies of the bank in dealing with each of the customer categories that are engaged in social network banking at different stages of the customer's life cycle. Is. Also, the role of social networks in the banking system and the opportunities created by it were comprehensively investigated. The type of research method of this research is based on the purpose of an applied research, based on data collection is a survey descriptive research, and based on the approach or methodology, it is a qualitative research. In this research, content analysis and Delphi methods were used to collect data. The content analysis method was used to extract the research model and the Delphi method was used to test the model and improve it. The means of data collection were content analysis, document studies and Delphi method, interviews and distribution of questionnaires with closed and open questions. In the documentary and library method, theoretical foundations related to the research subject and the background of the studies conducted inside and outside the country on the subject under study were examined and many written sources including books, articles, theses and websites were searched. Then, the identified factors were strengthened by means of a Delphi questionnaire with closed and open questions. In the content analysis method, the statistical population included all the reviewed articles in the field of customer life cycle management and social network banking, and only the texts that were most related to the research topic were selected. The statistical population of the research using the Delphi method was academic experts and IT officials working in banks and universities, 30 of whom were selected by judgmental purposeful sampling and then snowballing until saturation was reached. The results of the research show that in the content analysis method, 60 indicators were obtained to provide a model for managing the customer life cycle in the bank and they entered the Delphi stage. In three Delphi rounds, 44 indicators were added to the indicators, and out of a total of 104 indicators, all were agreed upon by the experts. The proposed model of this research has 4 dimensions, 22 components and 104 indicators.

Abundance of natural resources is one of the important characteristics of oil countrie  

   توسعه اقتصادي مهم‌ترين آرمان كشورهاي توسعه نيافته است و زنان نه تنها به عنوان نيمي از جمعيت هدف توسعه، بلكه به عنوان تربيت‎‌كنندگان نسل‌هاي آينده، مربيان مهدكودك‌ها و نيمي از معلمان مقطع ابتدايي نقش بي بديلي در نهادينه كردن نگرش‌هاي توسعه‌اي دارند. بنابراين توانمندسـازي زنان يكي از مهم‌ترين الزامات تحقق توسعه است. بنابراين سوال اصلي پژوهش حاضر اين است كه قابليتهاي موردنياز زنان به منظور ايفاي نقش در فرايند توسعه چيست؟ و به چه ميزان محتواي كتب درسي آموزش پايه ويژه دختران براي توسعه اين قابليتها مناسب است؟   براي پاسخگويي به اين سوالات، پژوهش حاضر در مرحله اول با بهره­گيري از از روش اسنادي و مرور ادبيات جامع، فهرستي از قابليت­هاي اساسي براي پرورش دانش­آموزان در نظام­هاي آموزش پايه را شناسايي و به منظور بومي­سازي و انطباق آن با شرايط خاص توسعه­اي ايران، با به­كارگيري تكنيك دلفي مورد پيمايش 16 نفر خبرگان توسعه، آموزش و رواشناسي كه به شيوه نمونه‌گيري هدفمند انتخاب شدند، قرار گرفته است. نتايج حاصل از سه دور پيمايش دلفي و رسيدن به ضريب هماهنگي كندال برابر 7/0 و اجماع نظر 90 درصدي كه حاكي از اجماع نظر قوي بين خبرگان و اطمينان زياد نسبت به ترتيب عوامل است، 13 قابليت اساسي را پيشنهاد مي‌دهد كه به ترتيب اهميت عبارتند از: "تفكرانتقادي"، "خلاقيت و نوآوري"، "قانون مداري"، "حل مسئله"، "ارتباطات اجتماعي، همكاري و تعلق خاطر"، "خودمختاري"، "توانايي مباحثه"، "ادراك و صيانت از ديگر گونه­هاي حيات"، "انسجام اجتماعي"، "عقلانيت عملي"، بهره­گيري از عواطف"، "تصور روايتي" و "سلامت بدني".   در مرحلة دوم، براي تعيين وضع موجود نظام آموزش پايه از منظر توجه به قابليت­هاي اساسي براي اصلاحات نهادي موردنياز توسعه جهت توانمندسازي دانش­آموزان دختر، به تحليل محتواي كتاب درسي پاية هفتم پرداخته شده است. يافته­هاي اين بخش نشان داد كه در محتواي كتاب مورد بررسي، بجز توجه ناچيز به سه قابليت بهره­گيري از عواطف، ارتباطات اجتماعي و سلامت بدني به ساير قابليت­هاي نامبرده، يا توجه كافي صورت نگرفته و يا محتواي نظام­مند و مناسبي كه قادر به نهادينه­سازي قابليت­هاي مورد نظر در وجود دانش­آموزان(دختر) باشند، ارائه نشده است. يافته­هاي اين پژوهش نشاد داد كه از منظر توجه به قابليت­هاي مورد نياز براي اصلاحات نهادي بسترساز توسعه، وضع موجود نظام آموزش پايه ايران، نگرش­ها و حالت­هايي را تشويق مي­كند كه با اهداف برنامة درسي همخواني چنداني نداشته است و فاصلة معناداري تا رسيدن به وضع مطلوب آموزشي وجود دارد.

   Poverty is one of the most important economic variables that affects all economic and social issues of the society and is the main factor for growth and development in the economy. This study uses the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces over 2009-2019 to estimate the poverty rate using the Fixed Angle Inverse approach and then examines the relationship between labor productivity and poverty. The results of the estimates show that the poverty ratio has increased from 15.6% in 2009 to 23.4% in 2019. At the provincial level, the percentage of people below the poverty line in Sistan and Baluchistan province is the highest at 49% and in Tehran province at the lowest at 6.4%. Labor productivity in 2009 based on gross domestic product at the base price of 2011 was equal to 0.24 billion rials per employed person, and it changed to 0.336 in 2019 in a fluctuating trend. The estimation results show that there is bidirectional causality from poverty to productivity. Also, poverty has a negative and significant effect on labor productivity. But at the provincial level, it has been confirmed only in the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Fars, Razavi Khorasan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Zanjan, North Khorasan and Alborz. However, there is some kind of causality from labor productivity to poverty at the country level for all provinces, but the negative effect of productivity on poverty has been confirmed only in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Yazd. Therefore, improving the quality of education and health in order to increase the ability of the workforce and increase productivity, increasing the share of activities with high added value, focusing on creating economic stability and reducing the efficiency of markets without added value in order to develop activities with high added value are the most important policies proposed to reduce poverty and increasing productivity in Iran's economy.

Monetary policies can cause wide fluctuations in economic variables. Sometimes these fluctuations can cause many problems, so that returning to the first point leaves destructive effects or at least requires a longer period of time. The evidence shows that there is a close relationship between the fluctuations of the total stock index and changes in monetary policies. As one of the main components of the financial market, stock market fluctuations are very important in the economy of countries, and therefore it is important to choose policies that cause less volatility. The monetary base, as a part of the overall liquidity, It is among the economic factors that influence the capital market. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of the impact of monetary base shocks on the stock market. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of monetary base shocks on the stock price index in Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has investigated this issue by using the time series data of Iran's economy during the period 1370 to 1399 and by using econometric techniques and with the help of Eviews software. To investigate the effects of monetary base shocks, in the first stage, positive and negative monetary base shocks were extracted by following Taylor's law and defining a simple model and estimated using the ordinary least squares method. In the next step, the generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to investigate the effect of variables on stock prices. The estimation results show that the effects of positive and negative monetary base shocks on stock prices are asymmetric, so that positive and negative monetary base shocks affect the total stock price index differently and the impact of negative shocks is greater than the impact of positive shocks.   

      AbstractGovernments apply monetary andfinancial policy during different periods based on the existing economicconditions. Therefore, according to the adopted monetary instruments, theeffectiveness of monetary policies is different. The important point is theimpact of monetary policies on other components of the economy. In the currentresearch, the relationship and impact of monetary policies on the exchange ratein Iranian economy during the years 1978 to 2021 based on time series data,using Eviews software and using cointiqrate techniques in econometrics,especially its dynamic auto regressive distributed the lag   model (ARDL) with distributionalinterruptions and error correction model are studied and investigated. Theresults of the regression model showed that the variables of interest rate,inflation rate, gross domestic product and the volume of money in circulationhad a significant effect on the exchange rate in Iran and were able to predictthe exchange rate during the period of time in Iran. These variables or eachother have been able to predict 95% of the variance of the exchange rate inIran. The long-term relationship estimation test also showed that allindependent variables had a significant effect on exchange rate fluctuations inIran.Keywords: Monetary Policies, Exchange Rate, Auto RegressiveDistributed The Lag (ARDL), Erorr Correction Model.

   Today, entrepreneurship is one of the most important components of the development and excellence of organizations, economic development, fostering creativity and tools to eliminate unemployment, and it has been given serious attention these years. Organizational entrepreneurship as a branch of entrepreneurship is of interest to organizations to create value and develop and improve themselves. The insurance industry, as one of the most important economic sectors of the society, should focus on organizational entrepreneurship and organizational creativity for its development, value creation, impact on the unemployment rate, and in one word, the economic development of the society. Something that has not been given serious attention so far and seems to be facing obstacles. Understanding the importance of organizational entrepreneurship, this research seeks to identify its obstacles in the country's insurance industry. The current research, which is a qualitative research, was conducted with the method of qualitative content analysis and with the snowball data collection method until theoretical saturation. It should be mentioned that the statistical population of this research is the managers and activists of the country's insurance industry.

  Improving the quality of the environment is one of the most important goals for improving well-being and reducing the negative side effects of economic growth. Economic growth has caused an increase in the emission of pollutants due to two inevitable and inefficient effects. In order to reduce the inefficient effect, the present study is based on using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2018-2019 and applying the econometric approach of panel data to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions. The results of the estimates show that energy intensity and GDP have increased carbon dioxide emissions, but the square of GDP has decreased carbon dioxide emissions, thus confirming Kuznets' environmental hypothesis. Finally, financial development has had a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions, and it indicates the importance of financial development as one of the most important factors in reducing the ineffective share of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, directing credits towards innovative and technological sectors in the field of energy consumption, improving urban structures to take advantage of scale effects, increasing and improving production technology are the most important proposed policies to reduce pollutant emissions. Keywords: environmental degradation, financial development, panel data approach.

  Ensuring social justice and eliminatingpoverty and deprivation by creating a balance in the distribution of income andwealth among members of society is considered and emphasized in theconstitution. In the meantime, it is important to explain the relationship between moneylaundering and income distribution with economic growth. Therefore, in thisstudy, the relationship between money laundering and income distribution witheconomic growth in Iran has been investigated. In this regard, data from moneylaundering (drug discoveries), Gini coefficient as an indicator of incomedistribution and economic growth during the period 1986-2019, which was obtainedfrom the Central Bank and Statistics Center of Iran, to use the model toestimate Has been, In order to estimate the model in the presentstudy, ARDL method was used. The results of short-term estimates indicate apositive and significant relationship between the control variables of exportsof goods and services, capital and economic growth, also between the variablesof money laundering (drug discovery) and income distribution with economicgrowth, but statistically significant It does not have. According to the results of long-term model estimation, there is asignificant negative relationship between independent variables, moneylaundering and income distribution with long-term economic growth, so that witha one percent increase in money laundering and income distribution inequality,economic growth by respectively -2/504 and -6/977 are reduced. On the other hand, the findings indicate that there is a positiveand significant relationship between other independent variables (exports ofgoods and services and capital) with the dependent variable of economic growth,so that a one percent increase in capital and exports of goods and services,respectively. There is an increase of 4.283 and 13.945 percent in economicgrowth.

   Investigating the Functional Effect of Local Government on Employment and Investment (Case Study: Kermanshah Provincial Planning and Development Council)    Abstract The Planning and Development Council of the province is the highest decision-making and supervisory body in the dimensions of economic and social development, which should be in order to coordinate and monitor the management and development of comprehensive and sustainable investment in the province, pursue territorial justice, strengthen decentralization, increase the province's authority. And strengthen the role and position of the provinces in leading and managing endogenous and extroverted regional development and achieving the goals of the resistance economy, etc. The importance and position of the council in the development of the province as the engine of development is clear to all managers and experts; Therefore, the meetings and approvals of the council should be in such a way that it pursues the development goals of the province, and specialized working groups, as the powerful arms of the council, should perform their role well in the form of the tasks specified in the executive regulations. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the functional effect of local government on employment and investment (case study: Kermanshah Planning and Development Council). The data used in this research are two parts. The first part includes reviewing the approvals of the meetings of the council and the economic, employment and investment working group under the council during the years 2016-2017, and the second part contains a questionnaire (researcher-made) of experts, experts and managers (council and working group). Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between local government and employment and investment. In other words, the council can create employment, improve the investment and business environment and vice versa. The results extracted from the perspective of experts and managers who are members of the council and the working group show that the local government has not been able to function effectively in the field of employment and investment. Therefore, it is necessary for local government decision-makers to emphasize the observance of the provisions of the executive regulations of the council without compromising, holding, managing and taking more responsibility within the powers of meeting members, synergy and participation of all members in order to achieve the goals of the legislature to solve problems. Provide employment and investment. As well as alignment with local government sub-groups (including Economic, Employment and Investment Working Group) to make decisions within the framework of upstream laws and regulations and in accordance with the provisions of the Executive Regulations of the Provincial Planning and Development Council in accordance with the duties and powers of the Economic Working Group. Employ employment and investment. In this regard, activating the supervisory role of the State Budget and Planning Organization on the activities of the council and working groups in order to implement the approvals of these institutions with upstream documents and provide feedback to optimize the actions and approvals of local government is necessary. Keywords: Local Government (Provincial Planning and Development Council - Economic, Employment and Investment Working Group), Institution, Planning, Decision Making, Decision Making, Supervision, Kermanshah Province

Abstract Today, rural employment (entrepreneurship) in developing countries is one of the main topics of discussion. In fact, rural entrepreneurship is in the role of a strategy in the development, prosperity and growth of human societies and a suitable solution for job creation and income increase in rural areas. The purpose of this study is to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in order to create rural employment in Ravansar city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and has been done in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) way. In terms of research method, in the qualitative part, the content analysis method was used with a deductive approach and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was used. The statistical population in this study were experts in the field of entrepreneurship and rural employment in Ravansar, including experts in agricultural jihad, natural resources, labor and cooperation, mining, trade, cultural heritage, city and village council and entrepreneurs. The sampling method in the qualitative section was targeted in the form of snowballs until theoretical saturation was achieved. According to the interview conducted in this section, 12 of these people were saturated. Data analysis was performed using AHP method and Expert Choice software. Due to data collection, a large number of entrepreneurial opportunities were identified and coded and then based on the criteria we extracted from the literature (criteria: job creation capacity, ease of financing, ease of use of opportunity, fit of opportunity with the capabilities of the region). And the capacity to create economic value) We have prioritized, the identified opportunities are: opportunities in agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism and handicrafts, home businesses, small and medium industries. Findings showed that based on the results of comparing the criteria affecting the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities, job creation capacity (weighing 0.263) has the highest priority. Ease of financing (with a weight of 0.243), ease of taking advantage of the opportunity (with a weight of 0.182), proportionality of the opportunity with the capabilities of the region (with a weight of 0.177) and capacity to create economic value (with a weight of 0.143) ) Were also ranked second to fifth, respectively. Also, based on the set of evaluation criteria, opportunities related to the agricultural sector (weighing 0.212) had the highest priority among entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas of Ravansar city, and opportunities related to areas of acquisition. .Home work, small and medium industries, animal husbandry, tourism and handicrafts were the next priorities, respectively. The results showed that identifying entrepreneurial opportunities leads to rural employment in Ravansar city. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Opportunity Identification, Rural Employment   

چكيده بروز آسيب‌هاي اجتماعي گوناگون و فقدان برنامه‌ريزي‌هاي كلان در كشورها امكان ادام? روند رشد طبيعي و زندگي بهنجاري را براي برخي از كودكان مختل مي‌كند. در كشور عزيزمان هم كودكان و نوجواناني وجود دارند كه به دلايل‌ گوناگوني با آسيب‌ها و مشكلات زيادي مواجه هستند. كودكاني كه دستخوش معضلات و آسيب‌ها قرار دارند و جامعه را با پديد? نوظهوري به نام كودكان كار روبرو ساخته است كه بيشتر به دلايل مشكلات اقتصادي و فقراز نيازهاي اولي? خود مانند: تحصيلات بهداشت   و ... بي‌نصيب‌اند و بـا مشكلات زيادي روبرو هستند. عدم توجّه   به آنها مي‌تواند در آيندة نه‌چندان دور سلامت بخش وسيعي از جامعه را تهديد كند. يكي از اقدام‌هايي كه مؤثر براي ازبين‌بردن مشكلات اجتماعي كه كودكان كار يكي از آنهاست؛ استفاده از تلاش‌هاي كارآفرينان? اجتماعي در جامعه است. كارآفريني اجتماعي مسائل اجتماعي را نشان مي‌دهد و براي توانگر سازي جامعه‌هاي بشري مورداستفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. براي اين كه بتوان زمين? كارآفريني اجتماعي را گسترش داد و پس از آن بر اساس اين راهكار به حل مسئل? كودكان كار پرداخت. نياز به شناخت ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي در اين زمينه است. در همين راستا مقصود و هدف اين پژوهش كه كاربردي و با رويكردي آميخته (كيفي - كمي) انجام شده است. شناسايي ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي در بهبود شرايط كودكان كار در شهر كرمانشاه است. در قسمت نخست اين پژوهش با روش كيفي صورت پذيرفته است با 20 نفر از مديران و كارشناسان فعال در حيط? كارآفريني اجتماعي و حوز? كودكان كار در كرمانشاه كه به شيوة هدفمند برگزيده شدند كه شامل: مديران و كارشناسان   مراكز و مؤسسات غيردولتي و سازمان‌هاي مردم‌نهاد در كرمانشاه، كارآفرينان اجتماعي فعال در حوز? كودكان كار در كرمانشاه،   مديران و كارشناسان اداره بهزيستي كرمانشاه، مديران و كارشناسان   كميته امداد امام (ره) كرمانشاه   و مديران وكارشناسان شهرداري كرمانشاه بودند مصاحبه عميق و نيمه ساختارمند صورت گرفت و پس از آن كه اشباع نظري به دست آمد؛ به روش داده‌بنياد (GT) در سه‌مرحله‌اي كه در روش داده‌بنياد صورت مي‌گيرد (كدگذاري باز كدگذاري محوري كدگذاري انتخابي) مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفت كه نتايج بخش كيفي شامل: 3 عامل علّي 8 عامل زمينه‌اي 4 عامل مداخله‌گر 4 عامل راهبردي و در نهايت 3 پيامد (دستاورد ) با زير مقوله‌هايشان هستند كه دراين‌خصوص مؤلفه‌هاي "ايجاد شغل براي والدين كودكان كار و حمايت" و "هدايت شغلي والدين كودكان كار" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل علّي مورد بررسي بالاترين رتبه را   به خود اختصاص دادند و مؤثرترين مؤلفه‌ها بر بهبود شرايط كودكان كار شناخته شدند همچنين مؤلفه‌هاي "ضعيف بودن مسئوليت اجتماعي مردم و مسئولين و "فقر فرهنگي" و "پايين بودن سطح تحصيلات اجتماعي" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل زمينه‌اي مورد بررسي و "وزارت كشور و استانداري" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل مداخله‌گر مورد بررسي و مؤلفه‌هاي" آموزش مهارت‌هاي فردي و اجتماعي" و "آموزش مهارت والدين كودكان كار" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل راهبردي مورد بررسي و درنهايت مؤلفه‌هاي "مشاركت اجتماعي" و "اشتغال‌زايي و كاهش بيكاري" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي پيامد (دستاوردها) مورد بررسي ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي بالاترين رتبه را به خود اختصاص دادند. و در ادامه در قسمت كمي پژوهش براي صحه‌گذاري نتيجه‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده بخش كيفي و عموميت دادن به داده‌ها و فراگيري‌اش 22 فرضيه گردآوري و سؤال‌هاي پرسش‌نامه بر مبناي آن تنظيم شد. براي تأييد دادهاي حاصل از بخش كيفي، نمون? آماري در قسمت كمي   پژوهش 100 نفر به صورت هدفمند و در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به‌وسيلة پرسش‌نامه‌اي با ضريب پايايي 92/0 داده‌هايي كه موردنياز بودند؛ جمع‌آوري و فرضيه‌ها در دو مرحله با استفاده از روش‌هاي آماري و در نرم‌افزارهاي    و LIESERL آزمون شدند. در مرحل? نخست داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از طريق پرسش‌نامه را بوسيل? نرم‌افزار      به شيو? «آزمونt   (استيودنت) و آزمون فريدمن تجزيه‌وتحليل و در مرحل? دوم داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از طريق پرسش‌نامه، بوسيل?   آزمون تحليل عاملي اكتشافي و تأييدي با نرم‌افزار    و LISREL تحليل شدند.    كليد واژگان: كارآفريني، كارآفريني اجتماعي، كارآفرين اجتماعي، كودكان كار، رويكرد آميخته   

  With the advent of toxins in the food chain, people's awareness and sensitivity to the destructive consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment increased. Over the past few decades, excessive use of chemical pesticides to control pests and plant diseases has created many problems for humans, the environment and other living organisms living in natural habitats, so that by consuming toxins in food production farms, toxins have entered the human food chain. One of the consequences of human diseases is one of its consequences. On the other hand, since medicinal plants are a subset of agriculture, their proper and planned exploitation can lead to economic prosperity and solve many problems in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and environmental industries; Therefore, in the face of environmental, social and economic impacts, industrial cultivation; The production of sustainable and healthy food and medicine seems more vital than ever. Therefore, the formation of green entrepreneurship is mainly focused on increasing environmental issues and its development can play an important role in creating sustainable employment, reducing environmental problems, reducing diseases and illnesses caused by the consumption of unhealthy food and chemical drugs. The main purpose of this study is the strategic analysis of green entrepreneurship in the field of medicinal plants in Kermanshah. This research is applied in terms of type of purpose and based on the nature in the exploratory mixed research group (qualitative-quantitative). Targeted and snowball sampling was conducted with 16 farmers cultivating medicinal plants, managers and experts of Jihad Keshavarzi, natural resources experts and activists in the field of medicinal plants in-depth and semi-structured interviews. In the data analysis stage, all the information obtained from the interviews, after being handwritten, was repeatedly reviewed and re-read, and the initial codes were extracted from them. The codes that referred to a concept and were placed in a category were then placed in a concept, and the concepts related to a category were placed in a category on a more abstract level. Then, in order to explain and analyze the current situation regarding green entrepreneurship in the field of medicinal plants, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was extracted. Based on the research findings, the obtained categories including 5 categories as strengths, 4 categories as weaknesses, 6 categories as opportunities and 7 categories as threats were extracted. In a small step, to rank the SWOT factors and sub-factors and select the best strategy, in the form of AHP-SWOT technique and using Expert Choice11 software. According to the findings, green entrepreneurship strategies in the field of medicinal plants include: use of appropriate infrastructure and capable forces to improve the employment situation, reform of decision-making methods, planning and policy-making to improve the employment situation, strengthening supervisory and control systems. Quality of life of individuals in society, strengthening marketing, advertising and education by using specialized and capable forces, creating coordination between decision-making institutions using elites in order to make maximum use of suitable substrates of medicinal plants, strengthening marketing and programming Effective policymaking in the field of green entrepreneurship is the use of efficient oversight systems to integrate the power of decision-making institutions.

Just as the importance of entrepreneurship in today's societies is not hidden from anyone, the value and importance of entrepreneurship education in reducing unemployment and sustainable development of countries is an inescapable issue; On this basis, in our country, every year an increasing number of universities and governmental and non-governmental educational centers turn to entrepreneurship education, but the issue that is very important is the pathology of entrepreneurship education because if there are major injuries in the body of university entrepreneurship education and Failure to respond properly will waste all the funds spent in this area. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the pathology of entrepreneurship education at Razi University with the help of the four-dimensional F   model and to analyze the possible damages of this complex in four functional, process, structural and systemic dimensio   Therefore, with the help of the integrated (quantitative-qualitative) approach, among the 4570 students who passed the General Entrepreneurship Unit in different faculties in the academic year 1399-1400, 357 people were selected as a statistical sample and their opinions were assessed using a questionnaire. It was found that entrepreneurship education in Razi University is in a relatively unfavorable situation in the functional dimension and in a relatively favorable situation in the process, structural and systemic dimensions. In the next step, ie in the qualitative part of the research, in order to achieve useful solutions to improve the situation, the opinions of 5 relevant experts and professors were collected with the help of interview tools and the content of 15 documents, articles and researches in this field. Content analysis was reviewed and then practical solutions to eliminate the existing harms and improve the general situation of entrepreneurship education in Razi University of Kermanshah were proposed.   

  This study was conducted to identify and analyze the drivers of game industry development in Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, mixed in terms of data nature and a descriptive research in terms of data collection method. In order to collect data, first, by reviewing theoretical foundations and previous studies through content analysis method, strategies for the development of the game industry in Iran were identified and through the Delphi method to confirm the identified indicators and complete the indicators, as well as prioritize solutions. The statistical population in the content analysis method is statistical including all published texts in the field of development of the computer game industry in the world that have been related to the subject of research. The statistical population of the research in Delphi method, experts familiar with the subject of computer game industry with research background, 36 of whom have been selected by purposive sampling method and then snowball to reach the theoretical saturation. This research has been done from April 1400 to February 1400. Findings show that in the content analysis method, 50 indicators were identified to identify and analyze the drivers of the development of the computer game industry in Iran and reached the Delphi stage. In the three rounds of Delphi, 14 indicators were added to the indicators and out of a total of 64 indicators, only 9 indicators were not agreed upon by the experts. The proposed model of this research has 6 dimensions, 26 components and 55 indicators. The results showed that the computer game industry in Iran has a series of supportive dimensions including: legal drivers, drivers of knowledge-based economy, drivers of human resource management, drivers of supply chain management, drivers of market management and advertising, and drivers Is the technical infrastructure of the gaming industry. During the research, solutions for the development and progress of the computer game industry in Iran were presented.

  رشد اقتصادي همواره يكي از مهم ترين اهداف برنامه ريزان و سياست مداران در كشورهاي جهان بوده است. اصولا كشورهاي كمتر توسعه يافته و يا در حال توسعه، فرايند ترقي خود را با هدف قرار دادن سطح بالاتري از رشداقتصادي، دنبال مي كنند؛ چرا كه رشد اقتصادي منابع مادي لازم براي تحقق اهداف كلان اقتصادي و رفاه عمومي را فراهم مي كند. يكي از مهم ترين اين اهداف بهبود سلامت عمومي و ايجاد محيط زيستي سالم براي جامعه است. اما اين كه در مسير رشد اقتصادي، سلامت عمومي و كيفيت محيط زيست بهبود مي يابد، شواهد روشني وجود ندارد.تمامي مطالعات انجام شده قبل تردر رابطه با رابطه رشد اقتصادي و محيط زيست، متغير انتشار دي اكسيد كربن را به عنوان شاخص محيط زيست درنظر گرفته اند. اما در اين تحقيق علاوه بر كربن دي اكسيد از متغير هاي ديگري همچونمساحت جنگل ها و درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي نيز براي نشان دادن متغير محيط زيست استفاده شده است.دراين مطالعه سه مدل تخمين زده مي شود. در مدل اول انتشار كربن دي اكسيد، در مدل دوممساحت جنگل ها و در مدل سوم درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي متغيرهاي وابسته هستندبا توجه به اين موضوع كه تاثير رشد و توسعه اقتصادي بر محيط زيست ممكن است با يك يا چند دوره تاخير همراه باشد، بايد مدلي به كار گرفته شود كه وقفه هاي لازم را اعمال كند. لذا در اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر رشد اقتصادي بر محيط زيست از مدل ARDL و ECM استفاده شده است. به اين ترتيب با توجه به اين موضوع كه داده ها سري زماني هستند، ابتدا مانايي متغيرهاي توضيحي و وابسته مورد بررسي قرار مي گيرد. تفسير مدل اولدر كوتاه مدت وهمچنين بلند مدت درآمد سرانه بر روي محيط زيست اثر معني دار دارد. به اين معنا كه در كوتاه مدت 1% افزايش در درآمد سرانه 00005/0 %   و در بلند مدت00019/0 % انتشار كربن دي اكسيد را كاهش مي دهد. پس مي توان گفت كه افزايش درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه بر محيط زيست اثر مطلوبي دارد، و اين افزايش درآمد علاوه بر افزايش رفاه جامعه، كارايي محيط زيست را هم هرچند در مقياس اندك، افزايش خواهد داد. افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين در كشور نيز، در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت اثر معنا دار بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در كوتاه مدت اين 1% افزايش در جمعيت شهرنشين باعث049/0% كاهش در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد ميشود، ولي در بلند مدت افزايش يك درصد جمعيت شهري در كشور باعث افزايش   028/0%   در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد مي شود.سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در كشور در بلند مدت اثر معني دار بر محيط زيست ندارد، اما در كوتاه مدت درازاي 1% افزايش در سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي، 0092/0 % انتشار كربن در اكسيد كاهش پيدا مي كند. در مجموع مي توان گفت كه رشد اقتصادي در كوتاه مدت تاثير مطلوبي بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در بلند مدت با افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين انتشار كربن دي اكسيد افزايش يافته و اين امر سبب آسيب رساندن به محيط زيست مي شود. و مي توان چنين استنباط كرد كه در هر سال 16 % از عدم تعادل يك دوره در مدل در دوره بعد تعديل مي شود. به عبارت ديگر سياست هاي زيست محيطي در قالب كنترل دي اكسيد كربن حدود 5/6 سال طول مي كشد تا اثر كامل خود را بر اقتصاد ايران آشكار سازد. بنابراين تعديل به سمت تعادل هر چند با سرعت كم صورت مي گيرد اما بعد از چند سال دوباره به تعادل باز مي گرديم. تفسير مدل دومدرآمد سرانه در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت بر مساحت جنگل ها اثر معنيدار دارد، به اين ترتيب كه در كوتاه مدت به ازاي يك درصد افزايش در درآمد سرانه مقدار 000047/0 درصد ميزان مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. در بلند مدت با افزايش يك درصدي درآمد سرانه مقدار   00035/0 درصد مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. اين موضوع به آن معني است كه افزايش در درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه باعث ايجاد اثر مثبت بر مساحت جنگل ها و كارايي محيط زيست خواهد شد. كه ميزان اين اثر مطلوب در بلند مدت بيشتر از مقدار آن در كوتاه مدت است.افزايش جمعيت شهري اثر معني داري چه در كوتاه مدت و چه در بلند مدت، بر روي مساحتجنگل ها ندارد. و اين يعني كه افزايش يا كاهش در جمعيت شهري كشور تاثيري بر مساحت جنگل ها نداردو اين موضوع به لحاظ نظري و منطقي قابل درك است.

Natural disasters are a series of harmful and unpredictable events such as floods, earthquakes, storms, etc. that have no human origin. In this research, economic feasibility of different methods of energy supply after natural disasters is considered. The potential and production capacity of various rural energy supply methods in Dalahou County were evaluated and using AHP method, different energy supply options for different areas of energy needs such as lighting for debris removal and outdoor space, canopy power supply, cooking, heating, spa supply. Consumption, power supply of agricultural pumps and rural energy supply in the long run were compared by experts through questionnaires and pairwise comparisons, and finally, for each type of energy field, the preferred option was introduced. The results of this study showed that the preferred option for providing lighting to remove debris from the mobile hybrid optical tower is to supply electricity to the rural network canopy, which is the preferred option in case of natural disasters to the photovoltaic system to provide spa, solar water heater It is preferable to cook wood stoves, to provide wood stove heating and to supply electricity to agricultural pumps, solar pumps, as well as to provide rural energy in the long run, solar energy and biogas.   

  Calamities and natural disasters have been an integral part of human life throughout history. Natural hazards Due to the growth of economies and the development of global infrastructure, the global economy suffers wider financial losses than in previous years. In Iran, as one of the 10 accident hotspots in the world, evaluation of financing methods before and during natural disasters seems important and necessary. In this study, the methods of financing natural disasters in order to provide appropriate solutions for Iran with emphasis on the Kermanshah earthquake in Sarpol-e Zahab in 1396 have been discussed. This study was performed using multi-criteria decision making method and hierarchical analysis method with more than five opinions. Therefore, it is a descriptive-survey research. In the sample selection process of this study, the opinions of 6 economists and managers with experience in financing natural disasters have been used to analyze the information and complete the questionnaire. According to the results, despite the fact that in Kermanshah earthquake, compared to similar cases of previous earthquakes in the country in terms of timing, method of work and reconstruction, there are improvements compared to previous experiences, but still natural crisis management In Iran, it focuses on the post-crisis period and less attention is paid to pre-crisis cases and new financing methods. To improve the current situation, and to get out of the current trend, the use of global trade such as joint reinsurance and crisis management funds seems important and necessary. The results of statistical analysis indicate that the combined method with the highest weight has the first priority in Kermanshah province. The results show that the methods are 1- Government general budget 2- Personal funds and loans from dependents 3- Use of foreign facilities 4- Domestic bank loans 5- Natural disaster fund 6- Natural disaster insurance 7- Crowdfunding 8- Combined methods for providing There are financial crises caused by natural disasters and according to the conditions of Kermanshah earthquake, the mentioned methods are the best or the most useful and available methods.

Universities play an important role in the development of entrepreneurship Achieving economic growth in today's knowledge-based societies, effective communication between the university and society is an important development in the development of any country. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of strategic analysis of Razi University Community Relations Office and presenting possible scenarios as one of the most important communication channels between the university and the community to develop these collaborations this research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on two approaches : combined approach ( swot - ahp ) and future research approach . in the qualitative part , purposive sampling and snowball sampling were used. after nine interviews with experts , theoretical saturation was obtained . in quantitative section , in order to assign weighting coefficients to each swot factors , paired comparisons questionnaire was provided to experts and strategy formulation was developed with two approaches : aggressive , defensive , conservative and defensive approaches for extracting the scenarios with a view of futures studies, the analysis of reciprocal works was presented to experts and the scenario of scenario software was presented in five different types of strategies.   

  Review: The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the effective factors of using electronic human resource management on the quality of hospital services It was performed in Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah province. The research is applied in terms of purpose and uses a mixed research method has taken. The study population includes managers, staff and medical staff of Imam Reza Hospital. in part Qualitatively, the code was studied and extracted using exploratory content analysis method. Findings indicate the extraction of 3 main categories And 6 subcategories. The main categories are; Employee participation, providing information and training to employees and using management Electronic human resources as the main category and sub-categories also include, increasing and decreasing factors, promoting and inhibiting factors and Is inside and outside the organization. The findings of the qualitative section were prioritized using the method of hierarchical analysis and according to the analysis In the category of participation in both incremental and decremental dimensions, respectively, objective observation of the benefits of using human resource management Electronic in how to upgrade, encourage and reduce the volume of work and redundant tasks with a relative importance factor of 0.496 and not using the offer Employees and experts with a relative importance coefficient of 0.292 has gained the highest priority. In the category of amount and benefits of use Electronic human resource management in two parts inside and outside the organization, respectively, information classification and speed up recovery Clients' information with a relative importance factor of 0.261 and savings in hiring new staff according to the standard criteria Selection and employment in the system with a relative importance coefficient of 0.300 has the highest priority, and finally, accurate specification Indicators, metrics, standards of organizational establishment with a relative importance coefficient of 0.397 and lack of public acceptance and lack of sufficient awareness in use Electronic services in the two sections of promoting and preventing factors in the category of providing information and training to employees give the highest priority gained

   Abstract    Today's organizations need managers who want to challenge existing norms, so the presence of managers with high entrepreneurial skills as a new strategy in organizations to achieve innovation is of particular importance. The issue of innovation duality is exploiting existing opportunities and innovations and exploring new opportunities and innovations, and since innovation and entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized businesses enable these businesses to compete competitively and profitably Gain in the market through the continuous adaptation of new products and ideas, are considered as the main mechanism of economic growth in these industries. The aim of this researcher in this study is to investigate the effect of managers' entrepreneurial skills on the innovation ambidexterity   in small and medium industries in Kermanshah with the mediating role of knowledge management. The present research is applied in terms of descriptive-survey method. In order to collect data, the Smith (2008) Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Questionnaire, the Innovative   Innovation ambidexterity Questionnaire, and the Jashpara Knowledge Management Questionnaire (2004) were cited. The statistical population is managers and activists in the field of small and medium industries in Kermanshah and the sample using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table is equal to 280 people. The research hypotheses were analyzed using    and PLS software and all research hypotheses have been confirmed. The results show that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on the duality of innovation and entrepreneurial skills through knowledge management have an effect on the duality of innovation.    Keywords: Entrepreneurial skills, innovation ambidexterity, Knowledge management, Small and medium industries.      

   Justice and fair distribution of income have always been the concerns of policymakers in every country; Therefore, the study and analysis of the factors affecting it is of particular importance. The stock market and its impact on income inequality are among the most important of these factors; Therefore, in this study, the effect of the stock market on the Gini coefficient as an index of income inequality during the periods of 2019-1993 in a selection of developing countries and using quantitative panel regression is investigated. The results of model estimation show that with increasing investment in the stock market, the market turnover ratio increases and also the value of transactions increases. Due to the positive effect of the two on the Gini coefficient, inequality increases at first, but because the stock market is large. It becomes more and more pervasive, as a result of which the market value of the stock market increases relative to GDP, which has a positive relationship with the Gini coefficient, and different strata and more income groups turn to investing in the stock market. The results of this study indicate that first the income distribution inequality is increased and then over time this inequality decreases with the increase of people's income from investing in the stock market.

The purpose of writing this study is to identify the factors affecting sales success in virtual networks and prioritize these factors and finally reach the research model. The statistical population of this exploratory mixed research in both qualitative and quantitative parts includes successful virtual sellers and people who have the necessary work experience or knowledge and experience in the field of virtual sales (on social networks: Telegram, Instagram and WhatsApp) in the country. In this study, the main criterion for determining the sample size in the qualitative part was to achieve a theoretical saturation point that sampling was done with a purposeful approach and snowball method. In this study, first in the qualitative phase, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 experts and secondary data were extracted from various texts and sources. Using content enalysis method and coding of variables extracted from interviews and secondary data (including books, internal and external articles and websites), two main categories, 9 categories and 43 components were finally identified. To ensure the accuracy and robustness of the qualitative part of the research (equivalent to validity and reliability in quantitative research), methods of selecting appropriate samples and reviewing participants and experts were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire and an experts survey, information was collected from 53 people in a targeted and accessible manner. 4The validity of the questionnaire was done in two parts: validity (approval by supervisors and consultants) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.897). In this part of the study, the identified variables were ranked using Spss software based on Friedman test. Then, using Smart Pls software, the researcher-made model was evaluated and its fit and goodness were tested. The results of measurement model test, structural model test and general model test showed the appropriateness and suitability of the research model. According to the results, the category of "effective presence in social networks" (with an average rank of 8.68) in the group of basic factors for launching virtual sales and the category of "sales incentives" (with an average rank of 7.08) in the group of factors affecting progress Virtual sales are the most important categories in these two groups (major categories). Also, the results of general prioritization of research categories showed that after the category of active presence in social networks, respectively, categories targeted activity, sales incentives, customer satisfaction attract, digital literacy and sales skills, effective advertising, saler ethics, sales facilities and support after the purchase, they affects the sales success of the virtual networks. Each of these categories has several components that according to the results, the product quality component (with an average rating of 28.08), which is a subset of customer satisfaction attract category, was recognized as the most important component for success in virtual sales.

   Today,­start-ups have a­significant impact on economic growth and job creation,and the success of ­start-ups ­such as Tapsi, Snape and Cafe Bazaar in creating employment indicates this issue. But these businesses face many obstacles and challenges in their development path,which are the main­reasons for the high rate of failure of these businesses,so in the present study, the aim is to determine the­­ indicators for identifying the space of new knowledge-based businesses­(start-ups)­­­that these indicators are ­used ­to continuously monitor the business environment.­This research is­applied in terms of exploratory purpose, in terms of applied results and in terms of type of qualitative research­ category.In order to achieve the research objectives, firstly, through the transcendental method,the initial­­indicators were extracted.In the next step, with 12 owners, managers and experts in this field who were selected by judgmental method, face interview In this stage, the aimwas to identify new indicators and appropriate to the ecosystem of­ Kermanshah province, analysisand coding of­interviews transcriptswas performed by MAXQDA content analysis technique and MAXQDA software version 2020.Validity and reliability of the coding process was also confirmed.­­Finally, by aggregating and combining the results of the previous two stages,final indicators­(the same challengesand barriers to­business space) including two categories­ of survey and statistical ­components­were determined.­

توجه به نظام مالياتي چه در زمين? قوانين و چه در زمين? سازماندهي مورد نياز با هدف تأثيرگذاري بر جهت‌گيري بلندمدت اقتصادي، تأمين مخارج دولت و درنهايت كمك به تحقق استراتژي توسعه اقتصادي، لازم و ضروري است. در اين ميان، بهره‌گيري مؤثر از عنصر منابع انساني شاخصه‌اي است كه توسعه اقتصادي بدون آن امكان‌پذير نيست و با توجه به عوامل سازماني مي‌توان كشور را با تكيه‌بر درآمدهاي مالياتي به‌طور مناسب اداره نمود. درواقع بهره‌وري نيروي انساني سازمان‌ها يكي از ويژگي‌هاي جوامع پيشرفته امروزي است. منابع انساني، مهم‌ترين عامل تعيين‌كننده در حركت صحيح سازمان به سمت اهداف سازماني مي‌باشد. يكي از عمده‌ترين دغدغه‌هاي مديران در سطوح مختلف سازمان، چگونگي ايجاد بستر مناسب براي كاركنان است تا آن‌ها با مسئوليت‌پذيري و احساس تعهد وظايف خود را به‌درستي انجام دهند و عملكرد بهينه داشته باشند. صلاحيت و رضايت شغلي مي‌تواند يكي از عوامل مهم و تأثيرگذار در عملكرد كاركنان هر سازماني باشد. منظور از رضايت شغلي يك نوع لذت و احساس مثبت نسبت به كار است كه آن هم تابعي است از رابطه   بين آنچه فرد از شغل انتظار دارد و آنچه شغل به فرد ارائه مي‌دهد. با توجه به اهميت نيروي انساني در موفقيت سازمان‌هاي امروزي، اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي رابطه‌ بين صلاحيت شغلي و رضايت شغلي مميزان مالياتي با قدرت ماليات ستاني سازمان امور مالياتي كشور و همچنين بررسي اين رابطه در حضور محدوديت و فشار زماني صورت گرفته است؛ از طرفي جامعه آماري اين پژوهش شامل كل مميزان مالياتي در سال 1399 مي‌شود كه به‌صورت تصادفي انتخاب ‌شده‌اند و درنهايت 348 نمونه به‌منظور آزمون فرضيه‌ها انتخاب گرديده است. نتايج آزمون فرضيه­ها نشان داده است كه بين صلاحيت شغلي و رضايت شغلي مميزان مالياتي با قدرت ماليات ستاني سازمان امور مالياتي كشور رابطه معنادار و مثبتي وجود دارد. همچنين مشاهده گرديده است كه صلاحيت شغلي و رضايت شغلي مميزان مالياتي در حضور فشار زماني بر قدرت ماليات ستاني اثر معنادار و منفي دارند

Objective: Professional judgment is the essence and existential philosophy of auditing and has a special application in all stages of auditing, including planning, execution of operations and evaluation of results. One of the steps that can be taken in the audit planning phase is to determine the level of importance of the audit. According to auditing standards, auditors are required to make professional judgments to determine the level of importance. Uncertainty and ambiguity in all aspects of human life, including decision-making is inevitable. According to Heisenberg's theory of uncertainty, there is uncertainty in the nature of events, of which financial accounting and reporting are no exception. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the uncertainty of auditors' judgment of the level of importance and how auditors respond to this uncertainty.Research Methodology: To test the hypotheses of this research, 106 companies in the period from 1391 to 1397 have been studied. In this study, in order to show the explanatory power of variables and also to investigate the importance of variables, first in the inferential statistics section to test research hypotheses based on econometric models, regression model has been used. The data of this research is a combination of data related to companies and is considered as a company-year observation. Ivy 10 software and Stata 15 software were used to analyze the obtained data. Findings: The results of the study show that in companies whose financial statements have been audited by the auditors of the auditing organization, the auditor's fee ratio was higher. The auditing organization's industry expertise increases the demand for audit and non-audit services, improves audit performance, and also influences customer-related audit outcomes such as audit fees and the quality of financial reporting. Also, the results of the hypothesis test show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the ratio of audit fee to operating profit with bad news and a significant and negative relationship with good news. Therefore, with increasing business risk; Disclosure of bad news increases more than good news; And the cost of auditing companies with bad news is much higher. And the impact of good news on audit costs is far less than bad new  

Abstract    Since the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the adoption of flexible exchange rates, exchange rate volatility has become a central issue and concern for various groups of agents including policy makers, central banks, academics and individual investors among others. The increase in central bank tra  arency has been one of the main developments in central banking in the past few decades. This leads to the question of the effect of central bank tra  arency on the volatility of exchange rates. the most important inferred from the previous literature on the issue of central bank tra  arency is that the increase of information provision by the central banks in the form of communication of monetary policy will lead to an increase in the ability of people to understanding the objectives of the central bank and improve their forecasts from the monetary policy of the central bank, which will prevent changes in the central bank's policy stance from destabilizing financial markets, which this could requires existing an central bank independent. On the other hand, in oil exporting countries, oil revenues fluctuation lead to exchange rate volatility due to This implies that oil Revenues are an important variable in determining the strength of the currency and its volatility. Therefore, the present study attempt to use two approaches Fully modified least squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares with the help of statistical data for 1998-2015 and theoretical framework related to examining the effect of central bank tra  arency and oil revenues fluctuation on exchange rate volatility in Selected OPEC Member Countries. Results the both approaches shown that central bank tra  arency and central bank independence can influences on exchange rate volatility and has a significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility. on the other hand , the oil revenues fluctuation has a significant positve relationship to exchange rate volatility whereas gdp growth has significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility.   

   Monetary policy includes the policies that central banks pursue to increase employment and regulate inflation, which can be a change in the amount of money, an interpretation of interest rates, or a change in the terms of bank lending.   Monetary Sit consists of two types of bonds and contractions, in which the central bank to increase aggregate demand and thus increase employment, increases the amount of money through measures such as buying government bonds.   This policy can be useful when the economy has vacant capacities and is recovering from a recession. Loss money is used when Mercer Bank recognizes that inflationary pressures are too high, so to reduce inflation.   , The central bank sells bonds to individuals or makes the conditions for granting bank facilities more difficult to reduce the amount of liquidity in society and reduce inflation.   In this study, in order to investigate the effectiveness of monetary policy in the Iranian economy with the asymmetric approach of sensory data, different soft goals such as examining the effect with the monetary baht contemporaneous on real GDP and examining the asymmetric effect of monetary inflation on the whole of 1981 to 2009.   It has been calculated that different results have been obtained according to the opposite sale.   Whether a monetary bot is useful or not is as controversial as any economics scandal.   The results showed that by using the appropriate monetary policy in the Iranian economy, the rate of inflation and real GDP can be controlled.   Liquidity control is a means to an end to corruption.   So Mansour The volume of liquidity is considered in such a way as to support the growth of domestic production within the limits of production capacity to prevent inflation. Boli officials use monetary policies to control the growth of liquidity. Therefore, curbing inflation through Shah Begi emphasizes and helps to produce prosperity. As a result, once liquidity is generated, you have to direct that amount of liquidity to production.

   Abstract Earning response coefficients measure the abnormal return on stock In response to unexpected earnings of the publishing company. Investors invest according to available information among financial statement. Good news cause positive reaction (emotionalize of Investors) and bad news cause negative reaction (emotionalize of Investors) toward the stocks. Since first published research regarding to Earning response this is the most important orientation that was studied about financial accounting about explain and Identification the factors effecting among component regarding quality of auditing in relation between emotions of investors and earning response coefficients To various company.so the aim to the   present research review relation between emotions of investors and earning response coefficients and Also review effect quality of auditing to this relation. For testing the hypothesis of this research a number of 70 companies in time frame 1390-1396 with the Sampling Systematic Removal Method were reviewed. For each company several financial years was selected those overall Included 490 financial years. The present research in order to demonstrate the power of explains   variables and also in order to reviewing the variables importance, first in the section of deduction statistics, For testing of the research hypothesis on the basis of econometric model, used of regression analysis consider the supposition of >Keywords: Audit quality, Emotions of investors, Profit response coefficient

AbstractObjective: Political development, according to itimportance and function, is related to various fields and issues such aseconomy, national security, culture, legitimacy, globalization, etc., each ofwhich can provide problems for a government. In fact, the discussion ofpolitical development and the need to resolve crises in its path is one of thetopics that has occupied the minds of government men and scholars of social andtheorists focus on One of these theorists is Lucien Pie, who discusses the fivepolitical sciences. In discussing the field of political development, famouscrises in the political development of societies, which is the basis of thePahlavi regime and provided the necessary grounds for public dissatisfactionpresent study. The present dissertation seeks to find out how the five crisesover political development revealed the inefficiency and weakness of thewith it and, ultimately, its overthrow.Method: In this research, the research method isdescriptive-analytical and causal research. The method of data collection inthis research is library and documentary. The tools and methods used in thisresearch are library resources and books, dissertations and articles related tothe research topic and available documents.Conclusion: The existence of social and cultural gaps inthe second Pahlavi period had paved the way for political development, and atthe same time with the emergence of political development crises, theseand management by the Pahlavi regime not only did not solve the problems relatedproblems led to the accumulation of development crises. The lack of planningof political underdevelopment in Iran that resulted in excessive separation ofto the crises of political development, but also created a situation in termsunder the leadership of Imam Khomeini.society from the government. Finally, the Islamic Revolution was formed in 1978  :Keywords.Political Development, Crisis, Pahlavi Regime

      Oil, as one of the exportable natural resources, has given the government high foreign exchange power, which it uses in regulating the country's budget. The relationship between oil shocks and economic parameters has been documented in economic research and points to the important role of foreign exchange earnings from oil in the Iranian economy. In this thesis, for the first time, the relationship between oil shock with exchange rate and bank interest is investigated and in two economic models, Markov switching statistical analysis is performed. The studied period is from 1981 to 2016 for 36 years based on central bank data. In the Markov switching model, two regimes are defined based on the error squares and other parameters influencing the model determination. After performing statistical preconditions such as maneuvering and autocorrelation, Markov switching model was implemented which has a probability value less than 0.05 (significant level) of relationship between two models, including the relationship between oil price and bank interest; It proves the price of oil and the exchange rate in a negative and significant way. Diets are designed to study during the recession and then the boom. There is a time lag in influencing crude oil price fluctuations, and this delay is more pronounced in the impact on bank interest. Concurrent research has also confirmed the existence of such a relationship and can be demonstrated by eliminating the oil price intermediary variable to establish a positive and significant relationship between the exchange rate and bank interest rates. The end result is that as oil prices rise, exchange rates and bank interest rates fall, and vice versa.      

   چكيده در اكثر كشورهاي جهان دولت ها به منظور تعيين جهت گيري هاي اقتصادي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي همچون از ميان بردن فقر و نابرابري و رشد اقتصادي و پيشبرد اهداف توسعه اي خود اقدام به اتخاذ سياست هاي خاص و استفاده از ابزارهاي حمايتي مي كنند.كشور ايران نيز بعنوان كشوري در حال توسعه همواره براي پيشرفت در مسير توسعه به يك سيستم حمايتي نياز خواهد داشت. يكي از اين ابزارها و سياست هاي حمايتي كه در جهت بهبود وضعيت معيشتي و رفاهي اقشار نيازمند از آن بهره گرفته مي شود؛ پرداخت يارانه ها مي باشد. يارانه به عنوان يك ابزار حمايتي نقشي مؤثر در   بهبود توزيع درآمد دارد و مي تواند با كمك به   بهبود شرايط اقتصادي موجب رضايت واعتماد عمومي افراد جامعه نسبت به نظام حكومتي گردد و از اين حيث بر ميزان سرمايه اجتماعي تأثير مثبتي داشته باشند. سرمايه اجتماعي سنگ بناي جامعه مرفه و دولت كارآمد است   و در سايه حفظ تقويت و انباشت اين منبع ارزشمند است كه جامعه مي تواند از دستاوردهاي توسعه و حكمراني خوب بهره مند شود. به اين جهت دولت همواره موظف است كه محيط اجتماعي اعتمادآوري را فراهم آورد كه در سايه آن احساس اعتماد- امنيت و رضايت را در جامعه معنا دار سازد. بنابراين شناخت و بررسي تأثير اقدامات و سياست هاي دولت بر سرمايه اجتماعي از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار است كه در اين پايان نامه به آن پرداخته خواهد شد. بدين ترتيب در اين پايان نامه سعي شده است با استفاده از داده هاي سري زماني براي دوره (1396- 1375) و بر اساس روش خود رگرسيون با وقفه توزيعي(ARDL) تأثير متغيرهاي سياست هاي حمايتي دولت، ضريب جيني، درآمد ملي سرانه و نرخ تورم بر روي سرمايه اجتماعي بررسي و ارزيابي شود. نتايج حاصل از تخمين مدل حاكي از آن است كه در بلند مدت متغيرهاي حمايت دولت در بخش بهداشت و پرداخت يارانه ها با متغير سرمايه اجتماعي رابطه مثبت و معناداري دارند و متغير حمايت دولت در بخش مسكن نيز رابطه مثبتي با متغيرسرمايه اجتماعي دارد كه از لحاظ آماري معني دار نيست. همچنين متغير حمايت دولت در بخش بهزيستي تأمين اجتماعي رابطه منفي با متغير سرمايه اجتماعي دارد كه از لحاظ آماري معني دار نيست. متغير حمايت دولت در بخش آموزش نيز رابطه منفي اما معني داري با سرمايه اجتماعي دارد. همچنين نتايج حاصل از برآورد مدل بيانگر آن است كه متغير درآمد ملي سرانه و ضريب جيني رابطه منفي و معني داري با متغيرسرمايه اجتماعي دارند و متغير نرخ تورم نيز رابطه منفي و از نظرآماري بدون معني با سرمايه اجتماعي دارد. ضريب تصحيح خطا (ECM) نيز براي مدل 83/0-   است كه نشان مي دهدكه در صورت بروز يك شوك اقتصادي در دوره فعلي83/0از عدم تعادل هاي دوره گذشته تعديل خواهد شد. كليدواژه: سياست حمايتي، يارانه، سرمايه جتماعي

   امروزه برابري جنسيتي در ابعاد گوناگون اجتماعي و اقتصادي نه تنها به عنوان ضرورت اخلاقي بلكه به عنوان راهي به سوي آباداني و پيشرفت ملت‌ها اهميت ويزه‌اي دارد. شواهد نشان مي‌دهد كه عليرغم قانون‌گذاري‌هاي مبني بر برابري جنسيتي بر حسب برابري فرصت‌هاي شغلي و سطح پرداخت، باز هم نمودهايي از تبعيض جنسيتي عليه زنان و گاهاً مردان در محيط كار مشاهده مي‌شود. هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي رابطه بين شكاف جنسيتي و بيكاري در ايران بود. بر اين اساس از طريق مرور ادبيات نظري و پيشينه تحقيق مدل مفهومي و فرضيه‌هاي تحقيق ارائه شدند. سپس داده‌هاي مورد نياز از سالنامه آماري مركز آمار ايران و گزارش منطقه‌اي مركز آمار جمع‌آوري شد. در نهايت فرضيه‌ها و مدل مفهومي پژوهش با استفاده از روش مدلسازي معادله ساختاري و بر پايه داده‌هاي گردآوري شده مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه عواملي مثل نرخ مشاركت نيروي كار، توليد ناخالص داخلي، سهم فارغ‌التحصيلان از نيروي كار، سهم ارزش افزوده صنعت و سهم ارزش افزوده كشاورزي بر روي بيكاري تأثير مي‌گذارند. و نتايج به دست آمده نشان داد كه بين شكاف جنسيتي و بيكاري در ايران رابطه مثبت و معناداري وجود دارد.   

يكي از مهم­ترين عوامل اثرگذار بر درآمد افراد، رشد اقتصادي است. ارتباط بين رشد اقتصادي و شهرنشيني از موضوعات مهم اقتصاد شهري است. كه توجه اقتصاددانان به ويژه اقتصاددانان توسعه را به خود جلب كرده است و در ميان سرمايه انساني به عنوان كانال ارتباطي نقش مهمي در اين مي­تواند داشته باشد. هدف اين پژوهش اثر شهرنشيني بر رشد اقتصادي از كانال سرمايه انساني در استان­هاي ايران براي بازه زماني 1395-1385 است. مدل تخمين زده با استفاده از نرم­افزار استاتا، مدل پانل و داراي اثرات تصادفي بوده، و با روش   سيستمي تخمين زده شده است، نتايج بيانگر اين است كه شهرنشيني بر سرمايه انساني داري اثر مثبت است و همچنين توليد ناخالص داخلي سرانه واقعي تابعي از توليد دوره گذشته است، و همچنين با افزايش نرخ شهرنشيني، توليد ناخالص داخلي سرانه افزايش مي­يابد.

   اين پايان‌نامه از منظر اقتصاد آب و اقتصاد محيط زيست، به بررسي پايداري منابع آب در استان كرمانشاه در چارچوب اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان مي‌پردازد. فاكتور مهم در اين ميان در دسترس بودن و كيفيت آب براي توسعه اقتصادي‌ـ اجتماعي است. به عبارتي بهتر در مبحث مديريت منابع آب سعي بر آن است تا راهكارهاي علمي براي بهبود بهره­وري آب و تعادل مؤلفه‌هاي آن در قالب چرخه هيدرولوژي و بعد مكاني آن ارائه گردد. هدف اين مطالعه اين است كه پايداري منابع آب زيرزميني با توجه به تحولات دانش محيطي، اقتصادي و سياسي را به منظور استفاد? پايدار از منابع آب زيرزميني بررسي كند. در اين پژوهش بررسي پايداري آب زيرزيرزميني در يك حوضه آبرفتي در استان كرمانشاه با استفاده از 8 انديس مختلف اجتماعي، اقتصادي و طبيعي بررسي شده است. 3 عامل طبيعي از روش پيشنهادي يونسكو 2007 انتخاب و 5 عامل بسته به شرايط منطقه مورد بررسي پيشنهاد شده و به‌كار رفته‌اند. اين انديس‌ها عبارتند از: استخراج آب زيرزميني/تغذيه آب زيرزميني، كيفيت آب زيرزميني، آسيب‌پذيري آب زيرزميني، قوانين بخش آب، ظرفيت نهادي، مشاركت عمومي، توليد دانش و ترويج مديريت مصرف آب، بهره‌وري آب هستند، كه براي استفاده از اين 8 عامل در تحليل پايداري آب زيرزميني منطقه از دو روش پرسشنامه‌اي و تحليل سلسله مراتبي استفاده گرديد. تحليل پرسشنامه‌اي با دو دور(6 پرسش اصلي در دور اول   و 147 پرسش در دور دوم) انجام گرفت. نتايج امتيازدهي به پاسخ‌هاي كارشناسان با استفاده از روش دلفي نشان داد كه منطقه از نظر آب زيرزميني ناپايدار است. در اين روش از يك رده بندي 5 كلاسه با رده 1 (ناپايدارترين حالت) تا 5 (پايدارترين حالت) استفاده گرديد كه در مجموع منطقه مورد بررسي با امتياز 1.53 در حالت ناپايدار قرار دارد. در تحليل سلسله مراتبي نيز 8 عامل مورد بررسي به شكل نقشه هاي موضوعي مكاني در آمده و نهايتاً با همپوشاني آن‌ها انديس پايداري آب زيرزميني به دست آمد. براي اين كار انديس نهايي با روش كلاسه‌بندي نچرال بريك به 4 دسته تقسيم گرديد. بعد از نرمال كردن اين رده‌ها به چهار دسته عبارتند از: 0 تا 10 درصد از مناطق پايدار، بيش از 10 تا 25 درصد از مناطق نزديك به آستانه پايداري، بيش از 25 تا 50 درصد از مناطق ناپايدار و مناطق بالاي50 درصد بسيار ناپايدار يا بحراني بودند. نتايج اين روش نيز نشان داد بيشتر منطقه تحت بررسي در زون ناپايدار قرار دارد. علاوه بر اين اعتبارسنجي نتايج بررسي با افت سطح آب زيرزميني حاكي از اين واقعيت است كه منطقه از نظر پايداري آب زيرزميني در وضعيت مطلوبي نبوده و 92 درصد منطقه بيش از 1 متر افت سطح آب داشته و 62 درصد آن افتي بيش از 10 متر داشته است. بيلان منفي آبخوان نتايج به دست آمده را تأييد مي‌كند. نتايج اين بررسي نشان داد كه با استفاده از انديس‌هاي مختلف و مرتبط با شرايط محيطي و داده‌هاي قابل دسترس و درست مي‌تواند وضعيت كلي از شرايط پايداري آب زيرزميني را تهيه و از آن براي تصميم‌گيري‌هاي مديريتي و برنامه‌ريزي‌هاي آينده استفاده نمود.    كليد واژه‌ها: پايداري، توسع? پايدار، اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان      

   يكي از شاخص‌هاي مهم براي ارزيابي مصرف انرژي، شاخص شدت انرژي است. بنابراين بررسي شدت انرژي و عوامل مؤثر بر آن و شناسايي راه‌هاي كاهش شدت انرژي، داراي اهميت است. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي تاثير سرريزهاي سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي بر همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان هاي كشور ايران طي دوره 1389 تا 1394 است. به منظور بررسي وجود   همبستگي فضايي   از آزمون هاي LMو Moran I استفاده شده است. شواهد براي مطالعه حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه اثرات وابستگي فضايي شدت انرژي بين استان‌هاي ايران وجود دارد و همچنين نوعي همگرايي مطلق و شرطي شدت انرژي با سرعت تعديل نسبتا پايين بين استان‌هاي كشور وجود دارد. به اين صورت كه سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در يك استان خاص، سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه را تحت تاثير قرار خواهد داد و كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه باعث كاهش شدت انرژي در استان خاص مي‌شود. همچنين با افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي ميزان شدت انرژي كاهش مي يابد   و افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در يك استان خاص باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي و اثر سرريز آن به صورت بالقوه باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي كشور مي‌شود. اين نتايج لزوم توجه بيشتر به جذب تكنولوژي هاي جديد توليد در سرمايه گذاري ها   را بيان مي كند.   

  AbstractThe Investigation of Relationship between Financial Corruption Index and Unemployment in European and Asian Selected Countries, including iran: a System GMM ApproachUnemployment and corruption are too close in most countries especially in developing countries. Government corruption has been seen as increasing unemployment and poverty in countries which are already struggling with economic growth. In addition, chronic poor countries, caused by uneven social inequality and incomes and economic incentives, create natural growth areas for corruption. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between the index of financial corruption and unemployment in selected European and Asian countries including iran in the time period over 2003-2016 by using the dynamic panel data approach and the system generalized method moments (System GMM). Empirical results from model estimation indicated a positive and bilateral relationship between financial corruption and unemployment in these countries. Therefore, with the increase in the index of financial corruption (reducing the index of corruption control) in these two groups of countries, it provides a boost to unemployment. Moreover, the increase in unemployment could also lead to an increase in the index of financial corruption (reducing the index of corruption control) in the countries under investigation.Keywords: Unemployment, Financial Corruption, dynamic panel data, System GMM

  One of the economic realities for each country is the existence of business cycles in GDP, as the fluctuation in the economy decreases, confidence toward future will increase, and the number of policy changes will decrease. Allocation of credits to different economic sectors is one of the factors influencing changes in real variables in the economy; the study examine the effect of credit on business cycle by using the data in macro-level over 1991-2015 and applying the vector autoregressive and ARDL bound. Evidence suggests that changes in business cycle is in same direction with credit, as well as the results of Granger causality, suggesting there is a two-way relationship between the credits and the business cycle. Also, the result of ARDL bound indicate that credits exacerbate the business cycle in the economy, analysis of variance analysis also shows that the share of credits in explaining the variation of business cycle is 45 percent. But the share of business cycle in explaining the variance of the forecast credit error is 25%. reducing volatility in the markets without value added such as the foreign exchange market and the desirable direction of financial resources towards high-growth economic sectors is one of the optimal policies for the Iranian economy.    

In this study, we try to investigate the effects of oil and currency price shocks on housing price changes using seasonal data over a 16-year period from 1377 to 1392. For this purpose, the statistical community consists of data on housing prices, OPEC crude oil prices in dollars and, the dollar exchange rate against the Rial as a representative of the foreign exchange market and, the SVAR model is also used to estimate and validate the data which is able to investigate the shocks of different markets And, unlike the VAR method, applying the limitations based on theoretical and economic principles the model is closer to the real world. In this study, we used a generalized Dickey-Fuller method to examine the variance of the desired variables. After assuring the reliability of the model variables, Johansen method has been used to estimate and find the existence or non-existence of a long-run relationship. In the final stage and after determining the limitations of the model, the model is estimated by the SVAR method.Research findings show that oil price impacts in the long run have a positive effect on housing, and this effect is negative in the medium term. But impulse and exchange rate shocks meanwhile have a positive and significant effect on the mortality rate that, in the long run, has had a negative effect on housing prices. The remarkable point is that housing prices will be restored in the event of a shock in the oil and currency rate after 9 periods, and in the absence of further impacts. Other results are that the most important predictor of the price of housing among the variables studied is currency movement  

     Every economic activity requires energy consumption. Despite the fact that energy is considered as one of the factors of production and stimulus of economic growth, on the other hand it causes the emission of environmental pollutants. Iran is one of the examples of the growth pattern of natural resources, especially fossil fuels. Considering the end of the oil and gas resources of the country, from now on, there should be alternative sources of thought. One way of doing this is to using renewable energies instead of fossil fuels. The development and expansion of renewable energies contributes to the achievement of the countrys economic, social and environmental development goals and is one of the key factors in achieving sustainable development in any country. From the point of view of energy economy, it is logical to create diversification in energy sources and utilize a basket of different fuels. Also, production-related pollution is expected to decrease as well by increasing the use of renewable energy. In this research, the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iran during the period of   1981-2014   is investigated using ARDL bounds and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results of short-run estimation indicate a positive and significant relationship between capital, labor force and economic growth. There is a positive relationship between renewable energy per capita consumption and economic growth, but it is not statistically significant. In the estimation model, the coefficient of error correction sentence (ECT(t-1)) is 0.47, that is, In the current period, 0.47 is Modified for the imbalance of the previous period. According to the results of estimation of long-run model, there is a positive and significant relationship between model variables including economic growth and renewable energy consumption per capita. The results of the vector error correction model are used to investigate the causal relationship between the model variables. show that there is no causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in the long run, and there is only one-way relationship between labor force and economic growth. But in the short run, there is a One way relationship between economic growth and renewable energy use, as well as a One way relationship between labor force and economic growth, renewable energy consumption and capital. Investigating the short-run dynamics of the pattern using instantaneous response functions showed that the shock eventually vanishes and often affects the response variable positively. Therefore, in the long run, shocks from independent variables, such as renewable energy consumption per capita, will be balanced against economic growth.  

  The achievement of economic growth and development is among the demands and goals of all nations. Achieving economic growth requires the creation of certain mechanisms in the political, economic, cultural and social fields. Powerful financial markets are among these mechanisms in the economic arena; One of the most important factors influencing the development of financial markets and their efficiency is the diversification of financial instruments. Due to the international financial limitations which has bee   imposed on Iran i   the past and recent years and Lack of Resources domestic banks as the most important Limitations financing in Iranian industries, which is one of the Islamic bonds suitable alternatives to be considered for Riba- based bonds. These bonds to be released mainly to for finance the government, businesses and organizations to government the most   innovations in The field of discussio   Paid and Islamic finance has been acquired   in recent decades. One of the innovations that can be said to compete with other similar tools in the conventional financial system and the release of Islamic bonds is Called Sukuk . In recent years, many developed countries, Muslims and non-Muslims in the Islamic countries are interested in developing sukuk as the best option for financial productivity beyond conventional finance. This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the rate of issuance of sukuk paper   These economic variables include GDP, CPI, PPI, budget deficit, and other macroeconomic variables.   The impact of sukuk issuance on changes in the key variables of Irans economy in total is based on ARDL models; The ARDL method relates short-term fluctuations of variables to long-term equilibrium values. These models are in fact a kind of partial modification models that measure the long-term equilibrium with a long-term relationship, effective forces in the short run, and the speed of approaching the long-term equilibrium value. And the results show that the changes of macro variables listed in the short and long term have a significant effect on the changes in the issuance of sukuk papers.  

Nowadays, with development of information system and interaction among financial markets across the world, crisis and boom transition in different markets is growing with a significant speed and with regard to developing economies in country like Iran; contagion of crisis from global markets, slows down the development of the domestic economy. This study examines the contagion in financial markets of Iran and figure out, how the positive and negative shocks moves in different markets, and it tries to present guidelines for policy makers in order to improve domestic economy to avoid or control the entrance of shocks in national economic. The sample includes time series data of commodity prices on oil market, stock market of Tehran, foreign exchange market and gold market over a period of 8 years (Dec, 2008 –Dec, 2016) with weekly sampling rate. In order to achieve mentioned goals, we utilized a combination of Ornstein Uhlenbeck and Continuous Wavelet Transform. It finds out that the starting point of contagion in the financial markets of Iran is oil market and the speed of synchronization between stock market and oil market is more than other markets and then the foreign market and gold market are in the next places. In next step, it finds that the coherence of markets in short-run is powerfull between oil market and other markets, but this coherence in long-run is just between oil market and stock market and foreign exchange market, and after global oil sanction in 2012 against Iran, the coherrence between oil market and stock and foreign exchange markets is growed in middle-run.

  Tourism is as a multi-disciplinary, multi-issue, multi-sector and multi-form activity. The tourist is only main sector of services in developing countries is constantly compared to the rest of the world has recorded a trade surplus. According to the World Tourism Organization, about half of the least developed countries in world, the tourism sector in terms of rank is the highest exports in between three section. On the other hand, business cycle fluctuations are an integral part of any economy. And study these fluctuations and their effects on the tourism industry as one of the important economic sectors is necessary. This study aimed to "investigate the relationship between trade fluctuations with tourism demand", for the four selected countries of Iran, Turkey, Malaysia and Egypt has been done which have high capability in the field of tourism. The studied period this research was from 1980 to 2014. Variables are logarithmic and are studied to panel data and after examining stationary variables and prove the existence of co-integration relationship between variables, using FMOLS and DOLS panel cointegration tests, long-term relationship between variables was estimated. The results of these tests indicates the negative effect of recession and positive effect of economic boom with tourism demand logarithm. Also by using panel causality test (VECM) studies causality relationship between business cycles and tourism demand. That its results have proved existence long-term bilateral causality relationship between business cycles and tourism demand.

It is obvious that interest rate challenge as an important economic phenomenon has divided economists into different cam   and also answer to question that, what are interest rate nature and its formation and determination, has known as an important subject. In one view , interest rate is a monetary phenomenon that could be determine by money demand and supply, and in other view, it is a real phenomenon that could be determine by average prefer to saving and capital marginal productivity. Interest rate has retribution rule in economic growth promotion and there is an abundant struggle to regulate it into desirable level as a suitable policy in last decades.I  hy  hy; this research,to examine the relationship betwee  the interest rate and  macro  variable  ,  the impact of  these variable  o  economic growth to  a selection of  high - income  countrie  and low - income  hasexpressed  . For this purpose, we use SYS-GMM method during 2000-2014 periods.   The results shows that in low-income countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between real interest rate, inflation and investment with economic growth, and also openness, saving and economic participation rate has negative effects on economic growth. The results for high-income countries shows that inflation, investment, saving and economic participation rates has positive relationship with economic growth but real interest rate and economic openness has negative effect on economic growth.     

  Nowadays, labor productivity, as one of the most important factors affecting economic growth and development, especially in developing countries, has been emphasized by many economists. Due to the relative abundance of labor compared to other factors of production in developing countries like the Islamic Republic of Iran, investigating the factors influencing it is considered as one of the most important research priorities in such countries. The term of contracts signed with the labor can affect the quality of his work and ultimately affect labor productivity. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to examine the impact of type of labor contracts on labor productivity. Therefore, to investigate this issue, the model was introduced firstly. Then, Auto-regression with distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate this model during 1986-2014. The results show that labor temporary contracts have negative effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term and permanent contracts have positive effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term. Human development variables, capital intensity, trade openness and governance indicators have positive effect on labor productivity in the long-term, but the variable of proportion of higher education employees to total employees has negative effect on labor productivity in the long-term.

  AbstractHealth is one of the most important   elements of human capital. Health both in terms of quality (higher efficiency) and quantitatively (not losing working days due to illness) affect on the labor supply. The role of health in labor productivity and consequently economic development is undeniable. More countries in recent years, have experienced rapid growth in health care costs. Due to the growing cost of this section, Identify   factors affecting health expenditure seems important, therefore   in order to   proper planning in the fields of economic, health should be a clear definition of the factors affecting health expenditure. In this study, by using time series data for the period 1981-2013 and based on (ARDL) method, we have tried to investigate and evaluate variables that influencing health sector expenditure for private and public separately. The results of The estimated of public sector model shows that   in the long run, variables human development index, population growth rate and the proportion of the population under 14 years old to the total population have negative and significant relationship with   public sector health expenditure variable per capita and the proportion of population covered by social security of the variable total population with the variable public sector health expenditure per capita has a significant and positive relationship. The variable gini coefficient has a positive relationship with the variable public sector health expenditure per capita and it isnt significant statistically , and variable rate of economic growth has a negative relationship with variable per capita health expenditure of the public sector and it   isnt significant statistically. The results of the private sector model   estimates indicate that the long-term proportion of the variable population aged over 65   in total population and the variable per capita income has a positive and significant relationship with the variable public sector health expenditure per capita. And the variable inflation rate has a significant and negative relationship with the variable per capita health expenditure of the private sector. Also the variable rate of urbanization has a negative relationship with per capita health expenditure by the private sector and is meaningless statistically .The error correction (ECM) as well as for the public sector equals -0/70 and for the private sector is -0/80 times that shows in the event of an economic shock in the current period, 0/7 of the public sector imbalances of the past and 0/8 the previous period, the private sector imbalances are moderated.Keywords: health, public and private health expenditure, healthcare, Iran, time series, ARDL.

  Inflation is continuing, disproportioned and irregular increasing in general level of monetary prices of products and services. The ample increase of consumption, growing the population of the developing countries, the shortage of raw materials and energy and so on, can be causes of inflation. For this reason, there is this belief that with doing the monetary policies and actions and performing the traditional solutions alone, we cant deal with inflation correctly and find a remedy way for it. But it is essential that its roots will be known and a way being offer with considering all factors. In this research, the relationship between inflation and economic added value and market added value and market total output was study. In order to study this subject, the sample contains 89 accepted companies on the Tehran stock Exchange in the time interval 1386-1394 years was investigated. This research is classified as a descriptive research and its method to test statistical hypotheses is analysis data in the form of compounds. The obtained results of the research indicate that in confidential level 88% with help “the remove of redundant variables” test and estimation of regression model, there is a significant positive relationship between inflation and economic value added and there is a negative and significant correlation between inflation and market added value and total stocks output. Given to the results of this research that shows a negative relationship between inflation and the total stock output and the market added value, it is suggested that investors during analysis of investment projects in securities and financial assets pay special attention to the relationships between these variables, because considering these important factors lead to the choice of the optimal investment portfolios with lower risk and higher returns.

  AbstractIn general, among different factors affecting economic growth, bank credit is of great significance. also, In Iran, due to existing shortcomings of financial market, bank resources is one of the crucial financial resources that is available for firms; since Economic growth requires resource and capital; the resource may be provided for different economic sectors, either by banks or financial institutions, in terms of facilities. Banks with giving facilities provide resources from surplus units to units that they   are need to financial resources for doing economic affairs and it causes to make easy economic activities, increase investment, production and employment. Therefore, banks performance in lending has a significant impact on production and economic growth and vibrations in access to credits, cause to appear disorder in society. Thus, it is necessary the optimal allocation of resources between the various economic sections and reaching this important something need to know affective factors on granted credits by banks. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting credits granted by banks to the private sector in Iran during 1982-2015. To do so, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) is used. In this study, the effects of total domestic deposits, foreign liabilities of banking system, real lending interest rates, reserve requirements rate, ratio of broad money to GDP, real GDP, and inflation rate on credits granted by banks to the private sector is reviewed. The findings suggest that variables such as domestic deposits and real GDP positively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector while legal reserve rate and foreign liabilities of banking system negatively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector. Also, variables such as real lending interest rates, ratio of broad money to GDP and inflation rate have no effect on the credits granted by banks to the private sector.Keywords: bank credit, Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), Iran.

Electrical energy is one of the major carriers in the country’s economic growth and development, so it is necessary, as well as other sources of energy used properly. The household sector in Iran for a significan proportion of the power consumption, hence the comprehensive planning and effective policies in order to save electricity consumption, improve life   indicator   households and increasing public welfare is very important. In this study carried out by the description of government policies in the field of optimization domestic consumption of electricity, analysis and administrative problems identified the reasons for the deficiency of the policies. Timeframe research executive years second program until the middle of the fifth development program (1995-2013). The study also in order to collect data   and   information required to use the technique documentary studies and benefiting from quality content analysis method of bottlenecks and problems of the executed policies and analysis. The investigation of used shows that some problems such as lack of domestic electricity tariff reform with an increase in the cost of all, the lack of systematic oversight on how the standardization of household electrical equipment and lack of attention to standards and criteria industrialized countries in this context, the failure of the concept of building national regulations, numerous shortcomings in the system of building engineering and orientation of wrong policy system for stable culture caused despite numerous policy and planning, significant success in the field of domestic electricity consumption is not achieved. The final results of the study also showed that in order to adopt effective policies in future plans, special emphasis policy-makers on employing requirements such as the gradual elimination of the subsidies paid to the high consumption subscribers and attention to incremental-cascade system in electricity tariff reform, supporting the creation of reference laboratories in order to compulsory standards of energy consumption and investment and technological communications with developed countries and pioneer in standardization, the transfer up to date information and expertise from the engineering system organization to electricity engineers with holding training courses on a regular basis and periodically, and reform norms and electricity consumption patterns in the framework of cultural engineering will be very important.  

  One of the most important policies that can be used to control fuel consumption in country, is improving efficiency of petroleum products consumption. Improving of fuel consumption efficiency associated with rebound effect issue. Rebound effects are a case whereby expected decline in fuel consumption (looking to improving efficiency) will be partially neutralized, due to reducing of energy services price. It is obvious that ignoring rebound effects neutralizes considered results to improving efficiency.In this study, using GMM and calculate the price elasticity of demand for fuel, we have examined direct rebound effects from improving efficiency fuel consumption in road tra  ortation of Iran provinces during the period of 2004 to 2014. The results show that direct rebound effects from improving of Gasoline and Diesel fuel consumption efficiency, is 6 and 2 percent, respectively. In other words, 6 and 2 percent of potential savings re-used, and 94 and 98 percent of the remainder is stored. The result implies on fuel demand inelasticity with respect to price, and attention to the price policies in side non-price policies. In addition to, with increasing population and the number of Gasoline- Fueled and Diesel-Fueled vehicles, fuel consumption also increased. On the other hand, the relationship between GDP per capita Diesel Fuel consumption, is positive and significant. While this relationship for gasoline consumption was contrary to expectations. So that with increasing per capita income, decreased gasoline consumption.