Khosravi Ehsan

      This study was conducted with the aim of elucidating the relationship between gamification and customer engagement in online businesses and of proposing an integrated conceptual model in this domain. The central research question concerned the mechanisms and elements through which gamification can enhance the emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions of customer engagement within digital environments. The research employed an exploratory mixed-methods approach and was carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases.    In the qualitative phase, qualitative data were collected through a systematic thematic analysis of the existing literature as well as semi?structured interviews with 12 academic and professional experts in the fields of management, entrepreneurship, psychology, economics, and education. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on expertise, academic background, and relevant professional experience, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interview data were analyzed and categorized using open, axial, and selective coding. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis and themes extracted from the interviews, the dimensions and elements of gamification were identified, and the conceptual model of the study was developed.    Findings from this phase indicated that gamification in online businesses is not limited to commonly known mechanical elements such as points, badges, medals, leaderboards, levels, missions, and immediate feedback. Rather, a set of emerging, experience?based elements—directly derived from the qualitative data and semi?structured interviews—also affects various dimensions of customer engagement. These emerging elements included self?expression through identity representation and enhanced psychological ownership; the creation of pleasure as a positive emotional experience; purposeful and staged accomplishment of missions and levels; long?term motivation focused on sustained interaction; problem?solving ability through cognitive challenges; meaningful role?playing; the use of simulators for risk?free real?world experiences; implicit learning through indirect interaction; and the capability to combine physical and cognitive aspects simultaneously. These components collectively addressed the identity?related, emotional, cognitive, and social facets of user experience.    In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of customers and users of online businesses, selected through convenience sampling. The sample size, determined using Cochran’s formula for infinite populations, was 387 participants, and data were collected via a researcher?developed questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was conducted at both descriptive and inferential levels. Initially, descriptive statistics, demographic characteristics, tests of normality, and instrument reliability (via Cronbach’s alpha) were examined using    software, and the results confirmed adequate reliability and suitability of the data for more advanced analyses. Subsequently, to test the conceptual model and research hypotheses, structural equation modeling using the partial least squares approach was performed through SmartPLS software.   

Abstract This study investigates the impact of fluctuations in the national currency’s value on the level of happiness in Iran. Persistent depreciation of the national currency in recent years—through channels such as rising inflation, declining purchasing power, increasing income inequality, and weakening economic security—has the potential to significantly influence individuals’ subjective well?being and life satisfaction. At the same time, currency devaluation may generate limited positive effects through improved export competitiveness and potential gains in employment.   Using reliable national and international datasets on currency value, key macroeconomic indicators, and happiness measures, this research analyzes the relationship between these variables within a regression?based empirical framework. The findings indicate that currency depreciation has a statistically significant negative effect on happiness in Iran, primarily transmitted through inflationary pressures and the erosion of households’ purchasing power. Although some positive effects related to increased exports and employment appear in certain periods, these effects are insufficient to offset the broader negative consequences of currency devaluation on subjective well?being. Overall, the results highlight that economic stability, inflation control, and preservation of purchasing power play a vital role in enhancing social well?being and improving life satisfaction. Currency instability, therefore, emerges as a key factor contributing to declines in happiness among the Iranian population.   

With the development of new technologies, especially artificial intelligence, the insurance industry, as one of the main pillars of the country's financial system, is on the path of digital transformation. The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a model for improving the attitude towards the acceptance of artificial intelligence in the insurance industry. This study was applied in terms of purpose and was conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory research method. The study population included all experts, such as faculty members with relevant resumes and expertise, managers, specialists, and active and expert experts in Kowsar insurance agencies across the country. In terms of data collection method, it was a documentary-field research. Participants were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling methods, and to determine the sample size, sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The data collection tools in this study included reviewing existing documents and evidence, semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and field note-taking. To determine the validity and reliability of the research, triangulation techniques were used, as well as review by key participants and other colleagues of the research team. A three-stage coding technique was used to analyze the data. The results also presented a paradigmatic model consisting of the dimensions of causal conditions (including economic factors, cultural and social factors, etc.), contextual conditions (including managerial and organizational factors, infrastructure), intervening conditions (including legal-supportive factors, educational and research factors), measures (including organizational, educational-research, institutional and governmental factors, etc.), and consequences (including social, technological and innovative factors, etc.). This research states that the adoption of artificial intelligence in the Iranian insurance industry is not only a technological choice, but also a strategic organizational-cultural transformation, the success of which depends on a systemic and comprehensive approach to all influential factors.   

The food industry, as a strategic sector of Iran's economy, plays a crucial role in creating sustainable employment, ensuring food security, and promoting regional development. However, in many less-developed areas, including Kermanshah province, attracting investors in this sector faces structural and institutional challenges. Identifying the factors influencing investment attraction can therefore facilitate economic growth and reduce regional inequalities. This study aims to identify and prioritize methods for attracting investors in small food businesses in Kermanshah. The research is applied in nature and follows a sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach. The population included local experts, managers, and specialists active in the province's industrial towns and zones. A purposeful snowball sampling method was used, and finally, 14 experts participated in a fuzzy Delphi process. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires and analyzed using content analysis,    23, and Excel 2013. The findings indicate that attracting investors in less-developed food industry areas depends on four main dimensions: economic, political, governmental, and organizational. Among these, the economic dimension carries the greatest weight, with key indicators including improved production infrastructure, targeted financial support, and workforce skill development. The results can serve as a basis for developing investment attraction policies, improving infrastructure, and enhancing government-private sector interaction in Kermanshah province. Additionally, these findings provide a model for other less-developed regions of the country to guide sustainable regional development and investment strategies.   

   The present study aims to identify and analyze the challenges of creating sustainable employment for individuals with disabilities in workshop units supported by the Welfare Organization of Kermanshah Province. Sustainable employment, a key component in human and social development and crucial for enhancing the dignity and social participation of people with disabilities, continues to face issues such as unemployment and discrimination despite existing protective legislation. This qualitative study employed a qualitative content analysis approach, conducting 20 semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of employment for people with disabilities (using purposive snowball sampling) to analyze the data. Findings indicate that the challenges to sustainable employment for individuals with disabilities are multidimensional and intersectoral, >   Keywords: Sustainable employment of persons with disabilities, welfare, social entrepreneurship, social support, sheltered workshops, empowerment of persons with disabilities

   In economic literature, financial development is considered one of the prerequisites for the economic growth and development of countries. Financial development significantly impacts economic reconstruction and contributes to long-term economic growth and the performance of relevant institutions. The development of financial markets is considered one of the necessities for the economic prosperity of a country. If financial markets are efficient, all elements of financial markets, including money and capital markets, will also have an efficiency and effectiveness index. Economic growth is known as the main engine of financial development. Increasing GDP and per capita income increase the demand for financial services. As the economy grows, companies and individuals have a greater need for financing; therefore, financial markets develop. Foreign direct investment also plays a key role in financial development as a transfer of capital, technology, managerial knowledge, and experience from developed countries to developing countries. In the most important stage, the effect of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable was analyzed using the generalized moments method, and the results are as follows: All coefficients have an appropriate level of significance, and the sign of the obtained coefficients is consistent with the expected sign of economic theories, and the detection coefficient is at an appropriate level. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product (GNP), Financial Development, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

In the contemporary world, food security, as one of the main pillars of sustainable development and social welfare, plays a central role in the economic and social policies of countries. This concept, which, according to the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), emphasizes universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, is affected by several factors, including exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate, as a macroeconomic variable, can affect food access, supply stability, and nutritional quality through its impact on import costs, domestic inflation, and household purchasing power. In developing economies such as Iran, which have a significant dependence on food imports and agricultural inputs, exchange rate fluctuations have become a major challenge for maintaining food security. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of these fluctuations on various dimensions of food security has received less attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on food security in Iran during the period 2010-2013. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) econometric method and time series data, this study seeks to identify the channels of exchange rate impact on the Food Security Index (FSI) and to provide policy solutions to reduce its negative effects. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective for policymaking in the field of food security.   

  Income inequality has always been regarded as one of the most significant political, social, and economic concerns worldwide. It is also one of the challenges that has drawn the attention of policymakers and economic authorities in Iran in recent decades. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing income distribution is crucial in policymaking. Accordingly, the present study seeks to empirically examine the relationship between fiscal policy (government expenditures, tax rates, and financial development) and income inequality (Gini coefficient) using the Markov-Switching approach, with quarterly data from 2001 to 2022. The results of the study indicate that the hypothesis of symmetry regarding the effects of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes on income distribution in Iran during recessions and booms can be rejected. The impact of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes—as indicators of fiscal policy—on income distribution is greater during booms than during recessions. These findings suggest that fiscal policy has asymmetric effects on income distribution in Iran.

  The present study was conducted to identify the key success factors in the Kermanshah Province Industrial Estate Company. In the first stage, the factors affecting the success of this company were comprehensively identified and categorized, and based on that, a key factor model was developed. In the next step, practical and effective solutions were presented to improve the performance and increase the productivity of the industrial estate company. This study was conducted with a mixed approach and applied purpose. In the qualitative section, data were collected through purposive sampling and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical population included university professors with relevant specialized experience, experts from the Kermanshah Province Industrial Estate Company, industry owners and businesses located in the province's industrial estates, as well as relevant documents and texts. Sampling in the qualitative section continued until theoretical saturation was reached; in such a way that no new data was added to the previous data in the seventeenth interview onwards. Qualitative data were coded using thematic analysis method and Brown and Clark's six-step thematic analysis process was used. The results of the thematic analysis were categorized into basic themes, organizing themes, and overarching themes. In the quantitative section, the key success factors model in the industrial estate company was evaluated. Data were collected through a questionnaire derived from qualitative findings and the statistical population was similar to the qualitative section. 35 valid questionnaires were collected. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its construct validity and composite reliability were confirmed through structural equation modeling. Quantitative data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency and inferential statistics including structural equation modeling using    version 27 and SmartPLS version 4 software. In this section, the conceptual model resulting from the qualitative analysis was validated and its validity was confirmed.

The present study aims to present a model for the adoption of artificial intelligence in human resource management with an emphasis on improving organizational technological entrepreneurship (case study: Kermanshah Provincial Health Insurance Organization) in Kermanshah Province. This study is applied in terms of purpose and is a qualitative research using the grounded theory method. The statistical population of this study was all experts in various relevant communities, such as experts in the field of human resource management, faculty members with relevant resumes and backgrounds, and other experts in this field. 18 people were surveyed in semi-structured in-depth individual interviews using a non-probability purposeful sampling method using the snowball method until saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis method. Based on the results of the study, causal, contextual, intervening factors, main phenomena, strategies, and consequences were identified through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding using MAXQDA 2022 software. The findings showed that the obtained categories were categorized into 26 categories in 6 main categories, which included the following causal factors: competitive advantages in adopting artificial intelligence, managerial and organizational capabilities, technical and technological infrastructure, challenges and barriers to adoption, and factors facilitating adoption. Contextual factors included organizational characteristics, technological characteristics, external environment and market, human and behavioral characteristics. Also, intervening factors included training and skills development, management and leadership support, organizational culture and technology adoption, data and infrastructure quality, communication and information. Strategies included training and development of human resources, management and leadership support, improving infrastructure and data, increasing employee participation, developing evaluation and motivation models, creating a culture of innovation and learning, strengthening internal and external communications, and the consequences were improving human resource performance, strengthening technological entrepreneurship, increasing technology adoption and culture, improving organizational efficiency, and better strategic decision-making. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that for success in adopting new technologies, it is of great importance to develop managerial and organizational capabilities through holding special training courses for managers and clarifying the goals of artificial intelligence for all levels of management.   

   This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability. This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability.

   This research has identified and prioritized the factors affecting the development of IoT-based businesses. Given the rapid growth of IoT technologies and its impact on various industries, identifying and prioritizing these factors is essential to improve the performance and productivity of businesses. In this research, the existing literature on the Internet of Things and related businesses is first reviewed. Then, using analytical methods and statistical tools, the key factors affecting the development of these businesses are identified and prioritized. Initially, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with specialists and experts in the field of IoT in IT companies to identify the factors affecting the development of IoT businesses. After extracting the codes obtained from the interviews, the main concepts were identified, which included 6 factors: and to prioritize these factors, an AHP questionnaire was used, which was distributed among specialists and experts in the field of IoT. The results of the questionnaire were prioritized using Expert Choice software, which included the following factors in order: financial factor, technological factor, cultural factor, political factor, human factor, and managerial factor. The results of this study showed that factors such as investment in infrastructure and Internet network, as well as reducing product and cryptocurrency costs, are important components in the success of IoT-based businesses. Finally, this study provides suggestions for managers and decision-makers to improve and develop IoT-based businesses.

Many digital businesses face challenges such as accurate analysis of consumer behavior, personalization of advertising, and optimization of marketing strategies. This thesis examines how these challenges can be overcome and marketing decisions can be improved by using artificial intelligence models. In this research, a survey method and a questionnaire tool were used to collect data. The statistical population includes managers and marketing experts in digital businesses. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software to examine the impact of using artificial intelligence on marketing decisions. The objectives of this research are to identify the benefits and challenges of using artificial intelligence in digital marketing, to present efficient models of using artificial intelligence in marketing decision-making, to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence on the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing campaigns. and to propose solutions for optimizing marketing strategies using artificial intelligence. The results of this research show that the use of artificial intelligence can lead to improved accuracy in data analysis, increased customer satisfaction, and optimization of marketing strategies. The findings of this research can help digital businesses make smarter decisions and improve marketing performance. Keyword: Investigating the model of using artificial intelligence on marketing decisions in digital businesses

   Managers choose different management methods in dealing with different companies, and these management methods cause changes in their basic decisions. Managers who serve on multiple boards (busy managers) are exposed to different situations of direct and indirect decision making. Multiple management increases the workload of managers, reduces the time and attention they give to each company, and causes weak managerial supervision. As a result, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of busy managers with an emphasis on the company's life cycle on financial decisions and company performance. Statistical analysis was done using sample data consisting of 171 member companies of Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1393 to 1401. To test the hypotheses, regression models with the least squares estimator were used in Eviuse 10 software. The results of the hypotheses test showed that the preoccupation of the board members with the variables of cash retention, sales costs, and general obligation has a positive and significant relationship with the capital expenditures and financial performance of the company. Also, the findings indicate the moderating role of the stages of the life cycle in the relationship between the preoccupation of the board members with keeping cash; Sales expenses, general obligation; Capital expenditure and financial performance of the company.

  Tax avoidance is a form of management policy to obtain

 In economic literature, financial development is considered as one of the necessities of economic growth and development of countries. Hence, paying attention to financial development and analyzing its effects on economic growth is of particular importance. Achieving the desired economic growth and development is impossible without the existence of efficient financial institutions and appropriate financial resources. On the other hand, today, the ability to achieve innovations by using creative human resources is known as the first step to turn knowledge into wealth. . Therefore, considering the key importance of innovation and institutional development in the economy of developing countries, the present study examines the impact of institutional development and innovation on financial development in 12 OPEC member countries during the period of 2010-2022 using the fully modified least squares method (FMOLS). ) pays. Based on the results obtained, the effect of institutional development and innovation on financial development in OPEC member countries during the period from 2010 to 2022 has been positive and significant.

The purpose of this research is to identify and rank the effective factors in sustainable production in the conditions of economic recession and sanctions in Iran Khodro Company. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part is 18 academic experts, experts of the Ministry of Safety and experts of Iran Khodro Company. The statistical population of this study is, in a quantitative part, all the employees of Iran Khodro Company in the country. To select the sample, 375 employees of Iran Khodro Company were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method and using Cochran's formula. This research is practical based on the purpose. From the point of view of how to collect information, it is of mixed exploratory and qualitative-quantitative research. The data collection tool in the qualitative section is an interview. In the current research, semi-structured interviews were used to identify and rank the effective factors in sustainable production in Iran Khodro company under sanctions and economic recession. The qualitative part of this research was done using the Delphi technique. Data analysis was done in the quantitative part of structural equations. All the key points of the interviews were extracted and coded, and after their review and analysis, similar codes were assigned to specific concepts, and finally 40 indicators in the form of 4 variables (economic and social, environmental, technological, and managerial) as effective factors in Sustainable production in the conditions of sanctions and economic recession was identified in Iran Khodro Company and the managerial factor has the most influence and also the economic and social factor has the least influence in sustainable production in the conditions of sanctions and economic recession (the study of Iran Khodro Company).  

  پژوهش حاضر با هدف، شناسايي

  Abstract Culture can be considered one of the most important factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in universities. Most of the entrepreneurial culture in today's societies is influenced by the institutionalization of the culture of science in the society. Entrepreneurial universities can facilitate the achievement of the third mission of the university, namely economic development, through the spread of entrepreneurial culture in universities. The aim of the current research is to provide a model for culture in an entrepreneurial university. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of qualitative approach, and it was carried out by using the foundational data theory method (Strauss and Corbin). According to the purpose of the research, the studied community of experts in the field of culture and entrepreneurship in Razi University were considered. 15 people were selected from among this community according to indicators such as experience, expertise, desire, ability and availability through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Based on this, professors from the management, entrepreneurship, economics, sociology and university executives, including the growth center and the industry and society liaison office, were interviewed. The views of the participants, which were organized through the interview protocol, were collected and analyzed. The analysis of data in this section was done using the classical fundamental theory method (Strauss and Corbin) during a regular process and at the same time continuous comparison of data in three stages of open, central and selective coding, formulation and design of the theory. . The main components of the Grenand Theory method in this research briefly include: Causal factors that are expressed with sub-categories (scientific, managerial, systemic and entrepreneurial orientation); Contextual factors that are expressed with sub-categories (personal, social, relational and knowledge); The intervention factors that were expressed with the sub-categories (facilitation, implementation, support, belief and education); the strategic factors that were expressed with the sub-categories (legal, content and interaction); And finally, the results of the actions taken, which include financial, developmental and occupational categories. The general proposal of the research: The structure and university system should be revised in the layers and levels that lead to changes in management and education methods and practices. In order to achieve this goal, the university, as the scientific and economic driving force of the society, should incorporate the entrepreneurial culture and use it as an emphasized norm.