GHodrat Ahmadian

  This study explores the relationship between migration from the Middle East and Africa to Europe and the process of integration within the European Union. The central research question addresses how such migration affects European integration and contributes to the rise of anti-integration movements across EU member states. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research draws on qualitative data from academic sources to investigate these dynamics. The findings indicate that large-scale migration—particularly when accompanied by ineffective policies and insufficient support for cultural integration—can lead to social fragmentation, the rise of populism, and the strengthening of nationalist sentiments. These developments, in turn, may hinder the integration process and prompt some countries to revert to inward-looking and isolationist policies. Furthermore, the study highlights how the absence of a unified EU migration policy and the lack of adherence to the principle of solidarity have intensified identity and cultural crises. In conclusion, the research offers recommendations for reforming migration policies and enhancing integration strategies, while underscoring the need for further studies to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the interaction between migration and European integration.

 Throughout history, various international conflicts have occurred and the actors based on their goals and interests have cooperated, competed and conflicted, and for this reason, various cooperative or confrontational games have been formed between them in various scales. Iran's nuclear conflict has been one of the most important and challenging issues of international politics in the past decade and has become the main issue of the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy, and the United States' approach and strategy as the hegemon of the international system with this The subject is of special importance. Contrary to the reaction of the West, Iran always emphasized its right to achieve the nuclear fuel cycle, this meant the beginning of the game between the West and Iran on the issue of Iran's nuclearization. Based on this, the current research with a descriptive-analytical method seeks to investigate the basic question, what is the grand strategy of the United States in the era of Trump and Biden regarding the Iran nuclear conflict based on Benjamin Miller's model?

China is considered one of the top powers in the field of international political economy, the transformation and modernization adopted by the leaders of this country after the era of Mao and the adoption of the peaceful doctrine of Bajhan through free trade, open regionalism, economic plans with strong regional themes were proposed. China's leaders, by expanding the Chinese development model as a model that can promote neo-mercantilism policies in many regions, can be considered as a confrontation between the consensus of Beijing and the consensus of Washington in all areas influenced by both powers.   

   Abstract Nuclear technology has become one of the most significant political and security issues in international relations since World War II and the use of the first atomic bomb by the United States. The potential for military use of this technology by other countries, along with the security threats and widespread destruction and mass killing capabilities of nuclear weapons, has made the management of nuclear technology a critical issue. As a result, the first countries to acquire nuclear technology sought to prevent its proliferation. Iran, one of the countries that acquired nuclear technology, has raised significant international concerns. In this context, the main objective of this research is to examine the West's approach to Iran's nuclear issue from a security perspective, considering the historical experiences of the West. The central research question is: How has the West's historical experience with nuclear energy influenced its approach to Iran's nuclear issue? The assumption is that since nuclear technology has historically had military and security applications and Iran has become a security-sensitive state in international relations, the West's view of Iran's nuclear issue is security-oriented, in contrast to Iran's peaceful view of its nuclear program. The research will be conducted using perceptual approaches in international relations. The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical.

  كاهش استرس دانش آموزان از راهكارهاي بهبود عملكرد اجرايي و عملكرد تحصيلي دانش اموزان به حساب مي آيد. يكي از مهمترين و مطرح ترين روش هاي كاهش استرس براي دانش اموزان كه در سالهاي اخير به كار گرفته شده و اثر بخشي مناسبي از خود ارائه داشته است، برنامه ي كاهش استرس مبتني بر ذهن اگاهي ميباشدو بنابراني هدف اصلي در اين پژوهش بررسي ميزان اثر بخشي اثربخشي برنامه ي كاهش استرس مبتني بر ذهن آگاهي در عملكرد تحصيلي و اجرايي دانش آموزان ميباشد. به اين منظور دانش اموزان پايه پنجم ابتدايي مدارس تهران در دو گروه شاده و گواه مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و پس از انجام آزمون هاي آماري مشخص شد كه گروه دانش اموزاني با برنامه ي كاهش استرس مبتني بر ذهن اگاهي آموزش ديدند، عملكرد تحصيلي و اجرايي بهتري از گروه شاهد به نمايش گذاشتند.

During the contemporary social-political history of Iran, we witness the emergence and role-playing of several political-social groups. Each of these groups has established different relations with the political structure according to the requirements of the time and their intellectual, social and economic backgrounds and have participated in political, social and economic developments and campaigns. One of these groups were marketers. The relationship between the construction of power and the market as a traditional economic institution in contemporary Iran is of special importance. As one of the pillars of Iranian society, the market has played an effective role throughout the past history of this land. This impact is not only because the market formed the basis of the socio-economic structure of the society of that time, but also because of its close connection with religious centers and institutions. During the second Pahlavi period, the traditional markets, in the organizational and historical alliance with the Shia clergy, tried to limit the power of the government and prevent the encroachment and threats of power into the public arena, and participated in every political-social protest movement against the authoritarian government. In such a way that the market and the scholars can be considered as two pillars of the traditional civil society of Iran; On the other hand, the government also tried to weaken, control and make the market dependent on the government by taking action to diminish the economic role of the market in Iranian society. Therefore, in this research, we intend to investigate the market and its role in the political developments of four decades after the Islamic revolution, using a descriptive-analytical method.

 Today, border bazaars are very important in the type and manner of cross-border interactions between countries. Parviz Khan's border bazaar in Kermanshah province has the highest number of interactions in the cross-border relations between Iran and Iraq. show the political economy interactions between the two countries; According to the statistics published by the relevant authorities and the comments and discussions of the officials of this field, it seems that the cross-border interactions of the two countries have significant differences with the target amount, and new competitors for Iran's influence in the Iraqi market have emerged. Therefore, considering the increasing importance of the Iraqi market for Iran, it is necessary to examine the pattern governing the political economy interactions of the two countries, especially in the area of ??the Parvizkhan market, as the most important bases of interaction between the two countries; The above research aims to answer this question: How can the pattern governing the cross-border relations between Iran and Iraq in Parvizkhan border be analyzed in the framework of Susan Strange's political economy approach? He has put forward this claim: Iran's cross-border interactions with Iraq at the Parviz Khan border, affected by the structure of production, finance, security, and existing science and technology, have led to a fragile and unstable situation in the political economy relations of the two countries. In the upcoming research, using the method of exploratory interviews with Bazarche Parvizkhan activists, experts and university professors and theorizing them in the theoretical framework of Suzan Strange's political economy approach, it was concluded that the current interactions of the two countries are affected by the structure of production, finance, security and Science and technology has a fragile and unstable situation and requires reforms in the above four areas. Key words: Iran-Iraq-border bazaar-political economy-Susan Strange

  One of the important factors in attracting the audience to libraries is the implementation of cultural programs in public libraries; But which of these programs is more effective in attracting the audience, is an issue that requires careful investigation. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the cultural programs of the libraries affiliated to the institution of public libraries and its role in attracting the audience to the libraries.

چكيده خاورميانه از آن دسته مناطقي است كه بيشتر از آنكه داراي همگرايي منطقه اي باشد، مشخصه دائمي آن منازعه و كشمكش است. از جمله بحران ها و منازعات در اين مجموعه امنيتي، منازعـات كشور افغانستان است كه ميتواند بر رونـد و تكامـل مجموعـه امنيتـي خاورميانـه تأثيرگـذ ار باشد.جنگ به عنوان پديده اي مذموم، آثاري همچون فقر و گرسنگي، تخريب زيرساختارها، نابودي مراتع، كـشتزار و جنگـل، آوارگي و بي خانماني، محدوديت هايي درخـصوص حقـوق آزادي افـراد ماننـد رفـت وآمـد، حيـات، تماميـت جـسمي و معنوي، اشتغال، بهداشت، آموزش و به طور كلي تخريب بنيادهاي سياسي، اجتماعي، اقتصادي و فرهنگي را به دنبال خود پيشكش جوامع مينمايد. افغانستان هم به عنوان كشوري درگير جنگ در سه دهه اخير دور از اين مخاصمات جنايات جنگي نبوده است. طالبان و ساير گروه هاي نظامي، از سال 2002 ميلادي نفوذ خود را افغانستان بازسازي كردند. دست كم از سال 2002 ميلادي، مخاصمه مسلحانه در استان هاي جنوبي و شرقي افغانستان بين گروه هاي سازمان يافته مسلح، به طور خاص طالبان، و نيروهاي نظامي افغانستان و نيروهاي بين المللي شدت گرفت. بعد از سال 2002 افزايش چشمگيري داشته است. با بيشتر شدن مخاصمات و تغيير الگوي مخاصمات و گسترش سلاح هاي مرگبار امروزه حقوق دانان و انديشمندان در پي اجراي هر چه بيشتر قوانين و مقررات حقوق بشردوستانه در مخاصمات مسلصانه هستند و در پي اين موضوع سازمان ها و نهاد هاي بين المللي و دولتي و خصوصي بسياري شكل گرفتند. ازجمله اين نهاد ها ميتوان به كميته بين المللي صليب سرخ و هلال احمر كشورها و فعاليت هاي يونيسف نام برد. واژگان كليدي: مخاصمات، منازعات، جنگ، صليب سرخ        

The political economy of oil is a complex structure that affects the whole life of an oil-rich country, including the nature of the state and its relationship with society, the performance of institutions and the interactions of social forces in the political-economic sphere of society. The present study aims to "investigate the degradation of oil in the global political economy and its impact on the relationship between government and society in Saudi Arabia" in a descriptive-analytical manner with emphasis on the approach of political economy. The gradual decline in global oil prices and the consequent decline in Saudi oil revenues has led to a gradual challenge to the country's rent-seeking economy model at the national, regional and global levels in recent decades. At the international level, and as Saudi Arabia's energy partners have become less dependent on Saudi oil, the pressure on Saudi Arabia to expand democracy and respect human rights has increased. At the domestic level, on the one hand, the country is facing increasing socio-economic and political demands of transformational social forces, and on the other hand, the gradual reduction of the government's financial capacity to meet the needs of citizens as a result of declining oil revenues. How the gradual decline in oil prices in the global economy has affected the government-society relationship in Saudi Arabia is a key question that is explored in the present study. The research hypothesis is designed to build power in Saudi Arabia in the face of pressure from the impossibility of continuing the life of the rentier political economy, to change the procedure and reformulate the government to a post-war model in general and transform the relationship between government and society in this country. In particular, it has progressed. The results of this study show that the Saudi government is taking steps to adapt its political economy to the requirements of action in the new global environment by adopting short-term and long-term policies and plans, including the design of the 2030 vision. In this regard, Saudi Arabia has so far reorganized its political economy in order to take advantage of the new elements and structures of global power and wealth in order to turn the threat of lower oil prices into an opportunity for economic, political and social modernization. The present study claims that the decline in oil rents due to the gradual decline in its price in the global political economy, not only in the external dimension has led to the emergence of a new type of government and its pattern of interaction with the global economy. And society has also undergone a transformation. The present research has been conducted in the framework of political economy approach and in a descriptive-analytical method using library resources.

   Crisis management is something that has received a great deal of attention over the past decades because with the spread of environmental problems on the one hand and the increase of human crises on the other, it seems necessary to build control of these crises, crisis management, both natural and man-made, should be based on factors that increase the effectiveness of crisis management in which managers can play an important role in controlling or not controlling the crisis, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of crisis management software dimensions on crisis control and the focus of this study was on Kermanshah earthquake crisis management and the role of managers and software dimensions on crisis control has been investigated and the question has been raised what was the position of crisis management software dimensions in the November 2017 Kermanshah earthquake? To answer the above question, the method of directional qualitative content analysis was used and the target population of the study was 9 senior managers of Kermanshah province and Sarpol-e Zahab city who have played a role in controlling the above crisis. The findings of the study, which are based on McCarthy's information theory and the analysis of managers' interviews, have been that the role of Kermanshah in the November 2017 earthquake crisis and the position of managers in crisis control in the form of software dimensions such as increasing hope, expanding empathy, accountability of managers, expanding communication, planning in crisis situations and increasing information has been very important and the software dimensions are at a higher level than the hardware dimensions.

   Political economy as a broad concept has changed over time . one of the issues in this field is the issues of oil , oil revenues and its relationship with foreign policy . in fact , the relationship between political and economic issue there is a closeness. For this reason , the oil economy is affected by political power. While it is necessary to strike a balance betwen the political and economic spheres , other wise the consequences and problems will increase , so that the authority of the government will increase and negative effects and consquences will be created in the economy. Accordingly . in the islamic republic of iran , there is no balance between these to spheres. as a result of which domestic strategies and foreign policy of khatami and ahmadinejad governments are different. therefor , the main issue of the research is that , what is effect of oil revenues have on the foreign policy model of the islamic republic of iran during the khatami and ahmadinejad administrations ? it seeme that oil revenues to have influenced the formation of a pattern of interaction and conflict the foreign policy of the islamic republic of iran during the khatami and ahmadinejad administrations.in this article, according to the collection of information and collection of sources such as , book , article , magazine ,internet site , the analytical – descriptive method has been used.

     در دوران نوجواني افكار آن‌ها در مورد آينده خود و به‌ويژه اهداف شغلي و آموزشي شكل مي‌گيرد. كشف منابع شغلي و   روند تصميم‌گيري و عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب آن‌ها   در شناسايي طرح‌هاي شغلي آن‌ها   دخيل است؛ و مي‌تواند به اجراي مداخلات مبتني بر طرح‌ريزي شغلي مناسب   توسط مشاوران و كاركنان آموزشي كمك نمايد. هدف اين پژوهش شناسايي طرح‌هاي شغلي دانش آموزان پسر متوسطه دوره دوم بود. اين پژوهش با رويكرد كيفي و با روش پديدارشناسي صورت گرفته است. مشاركت‌كنندگان در اين پژوهش شامل19 نفر از   دانش آموزان پسر مقطع متوسطه دوم از مدارس شهر كامياران بود، كه در سال تحصيلي 1400-1401 انتخاب شدند. همچنين مشاركت اين افراد در پژوهش بر اساس رضايت شخصي با توجه به‌قاعده اشباع نظري بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از مصاحبه عميق گردآوري   و در قالب سه مرحله كدگذاري باز، محوري و انتخابي تجزيه‌وتحليل شد. تحليل نتايج منجر به شناسايي3 مقوله كلي عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب ( با زير مقوله‌هاي آرامش شغل ، مسئوليت كم در شغل ، امنيت شغلي نقش بارز در مسير شغلي، درآمد بالا، عدم علاقه به تحصيل، رسيدن به شغل در سن پايين، بيكار نماندن،حس قدرت و ابهت، احساس قوي بودن، خود كارآمدي اجتماعي، جايگاه اجتماعي بالا، نفوذ اجتماعي، ، هيجان شغلي، اثربخش بودن شغل، توجه به شرايط جامعه، مسئوليت‌پذيري اجتماعي، هيجان شغلي) ؛ منابع   و امكانات ( با زير مقوله‌هاي قدرت تعامل با ديگران، انگيزه خلاقيت و ابتكار، جسارت و ريسك‌پذيري، ثبات، صداقت، كنجكاو بودن، خودباوري، پشتكار،استعداد، رغبت) و روند تصميم‌گيري(با زير مقوله‌هاي الگوبرداري از خانواده، حمايت مالي خانواده، عملي كردن ايده‌ها، نداشتن   هدف و برنامه، اجباري بودن انتخاب، رقابت با همسالان،برنامه‌ريزي، الگوبرداري از اطرافيان، كنكاش و تحقيق كردن) شد. نتايج اين پژوهش عوامل مؤثر، روند تصميم‌گيري و   منابع شغلي   در شناسايي   طرح‌هاي شغلي نوجوانان را تبيين مي‌نمايد. نكته قابل‌توجه اينكه برخي از مشاركت‌كنندگان در اين پژوهش از منابع شغلي خودآگاه نبوده و انتخاب‌هاي شغلي آن‌ها صرفاً بر اساس درآمد و جايگاه اجتماعي بود. همچنين روند تصميم‌گيري آن‌ها   با توجه به رقابت با همسالان و منطبق بودن با شرايط   جامعه بدون توجه به رغبت شغلي بود.

   t    the referendum held on june 23in which voted to leave the eu, finally ended on january 312020, and the country officially left the eu. the relationship betweenat present, britains withdrawel from the european union has led tomuch debate about the future of thise economic_ political   bloc. the eu isnow smaller and weakerwithout britain, and its political and economic influence in the international arena will diminish if in eu officials cannot find a viable alternative to britians membership. given the wide range   of issues and the effects and consequencec that this event has in various fields on britain and the europea   union, in thise study we do not have the oppotunity to examine all aspects of this event and discuss the future of the eu,s common foriegn and security policy. we will focus on the title of one the three main pillars of this economic_ political institution. in the following, using the descriptive_ analytical; method, we intend to answer the question : what effect does the brexit have on the common foriegn and security policy of the european union? asbritain, the eu,s second largest economic power, has a vrto power and is one of the most. importantplayeers in the european and international arena. withdrawel from the eu cloud reduse   the weight and security policy. the european union, as well as an apportunity for france and germany to work for greater cooperation.

  High school students andtheir related issues are of interest in several ways. Depending on their age,these people face many psychological, social, educational and sometimes even labormarket problems. In such situations, they obviously need more attention thanothers. Tissue elements, satisfaction of psychological needs and positiveacademic parameters have significant effects on students 'educational statusand can improve students' academic status and future. Therefore, the presentstudy was conducted with the aim of predicting well-being, vitality andacademic hope based on school culture and >The results of data analysisconfirm a very good fit of the overall research model. Findings showed thatthere are positive and significant relationships between school culture,interactive classroom management style, non-interfering classroom managementstyle and basic needs with well-being, vitality and academic hope. And there isa negative and significant relationship between intervention management classmanagement style and well-being, academic vitality. And a significantrelationship between intervention class management style and academicexpectation was not confirmed. There is also a positive and significant relationshipbetween school culture and interactive classroom management style and anegative and significant relationship between intervening and non-interveningclassroom management style with satisfying basic needs. The role of mediatingbasic psychological needs in the relationship between school culture andinteractive classroom management style with well-being, vitality and academichope was also confirmed. According to the results, teachers should pay moreattention to promoting school culture and interactive classroom managementstyle to satisfy the basic psychological needs of students, which will includethe improvement of well-being, vitality and academic hope.

Abstract The importance of the media isn’t hidden from anyone these days. The media is referred to as the fourth pillar of democracy, in addition to the print, audio-visual media that are influential social networks have a great impact on things in the new era. The reason is that social network are wider and more accessible and they are always exchanging information. So, they are influential in most social issues. The purpose of this study is to examine the position of social networks and especially the Instagram platform in terms of environmental security. Because, as mentioned, social media has a great impact on social issues and as Buzan says “the environment is a category of security and security is created in the context of society. The main question in this research is: How can Instagram be effective in managing environmental challenges and thus preventing them from turning into political and security threats? To answer this question, the framework chosen is Carson’ view in the book Silent Spring, that as an effective media , increased environmental knowledge and made significant global changes in the direction environmental protection. This research wants to explain this hypothesis by content analysis method: Instagram can be effective in managing environmental challenges by increasing environmental knowledge by producing environmental content such as photos, videos and text and prevents it from becoming a security issue. The data of this study include an analysis of 02 Instagram pages and shows that the pages of environmentalists have played an important role in creating environmental knowledge and awareness and in some cases, they have made serious and positive changes in the field of environmental protection. Non-specialist pages have also been effective with a lower percentage. Keywords: Media, Environmental challenge, Environmental knowledge, Environmental security, Instagram  

   Today, due to the significant role of marketing in various aspects and the need to recognize it, studies in this field are very important. Political marketing is also an interdisciplinary scientific aspect in marketing, sociology, political science and communication sciences due to the current complex and transitional conditions, and studies that can determine its dimensions have already attracted the attention of experts and activists in this field. Due to the lack of a specific background based on inquiries from the Irandac system regarding the effect of political marketing on increasing the soft power component, in this study, political marketing tools and soft power tools were identified and their effects were studied. The effect of political marketing is to increase the soft power component of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, in this exploratory mixed research (qualitative and quantitative), first in the qualitative phase, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 experts, and with the help of content analysis, categories of both interviews and secondary data including books, internal and external articles, Archives of interviews of news agencies, websites and virtual network channels, including the channel of the Center for Political Marketing Studies affiliated with the Center for Growth of Imam Sadegh (AS) University, were identified. In the quantitative phase of the research, by preparing a researcher-made questionnaire and conducting an expert survey among 46 people from the statistical population, assuming (N = n), the categories were tested and the validity of the questionnaire was valid in two parts: validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha was calculated 0.895). done. Quantitative research results were obtained using   26 software based on Friedman test and the identified categories of qualitative phase were classified. These results showed that in order to attract tourists and foreign investors, the use of political marketing is necessary to increase soft power, and this component was ranked first. Accordingly, various types of diplomacy such as public, official, sports, cultural, communication, event, etc. diplomacy were considered as the most important international political marketing techniques and won first place. National self-confidence was the most important indicator of international political marketing, according to experts, which ranked first among other indicators. Incoherence of programs and strategies in the field of international political marketing was the first constraint on the use of international political marketing, and this constraint was recognized as the most important constraint among the existing constraints. The most effective foreign policy discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran in order to take advantage of international political marketing, the discourse of international detente was identified with realism and purpose. Regarding the current situation and position of the country, the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran was historically and culturally ranked first, but the country's position in terms of export products was ranked eighth among the questions related to the current position, which indicates that in This is a weakness. Therefore, in the suggestions section, separately and for each question, based on the ranks obtained through Friedman test, practical and research explanations are included.

  ~The main concern of this research is the answer to this question: How did the produced political atmosphere and the praxis of the opposition forces in Kermanshah affect each other? Here the dialectical relationship of praxis and space in the heart of history through dealing with how the praxies of opposition and anti-government forces (both left and right, modern and traditional) and its two-way relationship with power at the heart of productive, political, ideological and ... Is available. By putting together the pieces of the puzzle of political struggles in this region, we give objectivity to the idea that changing the prevailing space changed the forms of praxis, and the political classes and forces with their praxis challenge the politics of space and space control by the government. Critical points and historical revolutionary moments in different periods, political parties and groups and their practice, social classes, understanding of regional economy, government, institutions of power and dominant political atmosphere, understanding of global capitalist phase and its impact on research geography and domestic production relations are the most important requirements. The raw materials of the research are discussed in two historical episodes (bread and law / from the beginning of the constitution to its end) and episode 2 (worker and murder / from the end of the constitution until 1325). In this praxis-based historical study, episode 1 begins with the bread riot and the constitutionalist praxis, and episode 2 begins with the bread and praxis riots of the protesting workers of the Kermanshah Oil Company, and eventually both episodes end in a coup. The demands made by the protesters in each episode are met or taken to another level. The aristocracy, intellectuals, clergy, tribes, and nomads were present in both episodes, and their political behavior did not change much in either period. In episode 2, the advanced class gradually fades with the advent of the new middle class and has no apparent presence in political developments, but the industrial worker is the stratum that systematically created labor struggles and did not have a visible presence in the first period of research (episode 1). Cinema and the street were also the achievements of changes in the relations of production and space, which are added to space in the second episode and play a role in the production of new space. The ruling power has also undergone changes in recent years, moving from a monarchy to a modern absolute state. "Oil" is an important economic element that has played an important role in changing this atmosphere and has left its effects in political, social and ... relations until today. During the research, we see an effective change from land rent to oil rent. In both episodes, the struggle of the fighting and ruling forces and the effects of pressures and resistances on each other are observed. The result of this conflict is the repulsion of each at a time when the opposing force, after accepting the influence of the other as well as the underlying changes, rises up and acts with a new quality.

   پس از انقلاب اسلامي ايران، پيرو اعمال سياست­هاي نامناسب حكومت پهلوي در ارتباط با تنوعات قومي و فرهنگي، شاهد سياسي شدن مسئله قوميت در كشور و گرايش آن به گفتمان­هاي رقيبِ نظام سياسي حاكم بوده­ايم. پس از فروكش كردن بحران­هاي قومي و هويتي و تثبيت قدرت دولت و هژمونيك شدن نظام سياسي حاكم، به باور پژوهشگران، سياست­هاي قومي مناسبي در دولت­هاي مختلف اتخاذ نگرديد كه بيم واگرايي و شكاف ميان دولت و ملت ايران را افزايش مي­دهد. تحقيق حاضر با استفاده از روش تحليل گفتمان لاكلا و موفه به دنبال آن است كه مجموعه اقدامات گفتمان انقلاب اسلامي نسبت به خرده گفتمان­هاي درون نظام را آسيب­شناسي و در مسير تعالي و تكامل آن ارائه طريق نمايد كه با توجه به دارا بودن استان كرمانشاه از ظرفيتي كثير­ در نمايش تنوعات قومي و فرهنگي كل كشور، خرده گفتمان اهل­سنتِ استان مذكور، در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. در واقع هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي چگونگي حفظ وضعيت هژمونيك نظام سياسي حاكم بر كرمانشاه نسبت به ساير خرده گفتمان­ها از جمله اهل­سنت مي­باشد. بدين صورت كه اهل­سنتِ كرمانشاه از وجوه مشترك زباني قابل توجهي درون گفتمان كلي نظام سياسي حاكم برخوردار است كه با توجه به آن و عواقبي كه در حاشيه قرار داشتن و تقويت شكاف­هاي هويتي مي­تواند داشته باشد ضرورت پژوهش در اين رابطه را دو چندان مي­كند. بدين ترتيب سوال اصلي اين رساله اين است كه نظام زبانيِ گفتمانِ سياسيِ حاكم بر كرمانشاه در چه صورت مي­تواند وضعيت هژمونيك خود را نسبت به ساير خرده­گفتمان­ها از جمله   اهل­سنت حفظ نمايد و در عيَن حال از به حاشيه رانده شدن و جذب آن در گفتمان­هاي رقيب جلوگيري كند. يافته­هاي اين پژوهش نشان مي­دهند كه به طور كلي استان كرمانشاه و به ويژه اهل­سنتِ در استان مذكور نسبت به ساير استان­ها در توزيع و بهره­مندي از مواهب سياسي، اقتصادي و فرهنگي وضعيت مناسبي نداشته است، اين در حالي است كه از وجوه مشترك زباني قابل توجهي درون گفتمان كلي نظام سياسي حاكم برخوردار بوده و تكيه بر آن مي تواند در حفظ وضعيت هژمونيك گفتمان حاكم موثر واقع گردد و از عواقب در حاشيه قرار داشتن جلوگيري نموده و نتايج مثبتي را به بار آورد. واژگان كليدي: تحليل­گفتمان، سياست، شكاف­هاي هويتي، انقلاب اسلامي ايران، اهل سنت .

      The phenomenon of smuggling is a problem in all countries, but it a more serious problem in developing countries. This phenomenon is known as a problem for it has pervaded the countries' economy and has negative effects, including disruption of economical policy, contributing to increased poverty, facilitating monopolization and money problems. No doubt, these negative effects, cause disorders in different communities and lead to the lack of balance in socioeconomic systems of countries and slow down or even stop all-round development. Several factors have been cited for smuggling but in this study, three important factors of behavioral, structural and contextual are expressed. The nature of smuggling indicates that this phenomenon is closely related to international law. Therefore, some international efforts have been made to prevent and deal with smuggling and this issue have been attended to form different political, economical and international criminal law aspects and one can see various international institutions and organizations such as the WTO or the World Customs Organization and others have paid special attention to it.This research relies on descriptive and analytical methods and use of library studies to explain the status of contraband goods in international law and raises the strategies to counter this issue from the perspective of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The results of this study demonstrate the crucial importance of ICC in improving the culture and development of commerce specialized training with the aim of preventing smuggling in the area of ??international trade. It also expresses that ICC can cover part of the gaps in international treaties and regulations underlying the smuggling phenomenon and through this way play its important role in countering smuggling.

  This study aims at determining the strategic positions of the United States of America to the Syrian crisis based on the analytical approach of "strategic ambiguity" is. Strategic ambiguity is a foreign policy for security environments where the confrontation between the great powers does not seem very likely. On this basis, the strategic ambiguity is a paradoxical sense, as a state with superior penetration and to maintain stability in a critical situation is chasing This duality and contradiction of this on is that the crisis under normal circumstances, includes measures such as reducing and minimizing ambiguity by clarifying and identifying the means and ways to achieve a better result in order to change the status quo and Management crisis In this study, the United States of Americas strategic position on the Syrian crisis be analyzed. Garlic and the Syrian crisis suggests that in parallel with the deepening and spread of the crisis, Americas policy of strategic ambiguity device approach to foreign policy under President Barack Obama, Direct intervention and aggressive strategies during the presidency of Donald Trump, has evolved.The main questions the study seeks to explain how it is that the United States of America has adopted what position toward Syrian crisis? The hypothesis that will be evaluated as follows: It turns out "approach to foreign policy of the United States of America to the Syrian crisis has been accompanied by a strategic ambiguity". The method in this research is descriptive analysis and data collection is the library.

  ISIS (Daesh) as a force Salafi and suicide, and disrupted the regional geo-political order and is working with an ideology of internationalism, based Sais-Picot borders fade and the new government is established. Emerging and man-made crisis that precedes the wisdom and knowledge sees and quotes the superficial and selective interpretation of the Koran, denies any discretion and interpretation. This multinational organization exclusivist reading of the fundamental concepts of Islamic extremism, believes that Islam should be in accordance with the understandings leaders first three centuries of Islam as a religious justification for all times and places and get implemented. Activism and Mounting hostile sentiments in the multinational group can not ignore the role of non-ideological, regional and trans-regional. However, for the establishment of the caliphate showed behavior inhuman, heinous crimes, ritual, history, classic, naked, direct, u  eakable and reduplicate violence. This idea opposed to with peace as a moral principle and is eager of genocide. In this regard provide the narrow semantic of Islam and a very broad concept of heresy and with the criminal religion has become a source of tension, extreme violence and unique identification of the region and some parts of the world. Believes that all over the world and the pagan heresy and straying saved violent ways. Takfiri terrorist groups, according to verse 123 of Surah Taobe from the Koran, Sunni hard-liners in the world towards combating non-Wahhabi Muslims, both Sunnis and Shiites as "near enemy" and his main priority calls. Accordingly managed to attract many people from the Middle East, North Africa and around the world, and the religious justifications for their behavior, they tried to Their own introduce Sunni savior. But at least a large part of the Sunni scholars rejected the group or because of intense action and violence of the Islamic State had to abandon it. So-the growing trend   the emergence of   terrorist Takfiri in the region and around the world, everyone has been realized the danger of their widespread and Considering the positions and actions anti Iranian of ISIS, Salafi-Takfiri-terrorist Performance Review will be of particular importance and to formulate appropriate strategies for maintain unity among Muslims and also cope with extreme currents and make/providing more and effective choices and more, will help to control and inhibition of ISIS On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran.   Therefore, aim of this research seeks to/ answer these questions/ ask /will be followed by the question that the intellectual Basics ISIS violence, What relation with foundations of knowledge and belief of the four Sunni sects? To answer this question, and the uses library based resources is descriptive and analytical analysis.

تاريخ نشان دهنده روابط مناسب ايران و كشور‏‏هاي اروپايي مي باشد. اين رابطه قبل از پيروزي انقلاب اسلامي ايران روابطي مناسب و پر رونق بود. حجم بالايي مناسبات اقتصادي و سياسي نشان از روابط مناسب و در خور طرفين بود. حضور ايران در اردوگاه غرب و به عنوان متحد استراتژيك امريكا در منطقه بدون شك عامل اصلي رونق روابط ايران و اتحاديه اروپا بود. با فروپاشي شوروي و پايان جنگ سرد فضا براي بازگيري بيشتر و فعال تر اتحاديه اروپا فراهم شد. و روابط ايران و اتحاديه اروپا در سطح مناسبي قرارگرفت. بعد از پيروزي انقلاب و سياست خارجي نه شرقي و نه غربي جمهوري اسلامي ايران و ايجاد اختلافاتي بين ايران و اتحاديه اروپا   تحت تاثير امريكا روابط ايران واتحاديه اروپا دچار ركود و تنزلي چشمگير شد كه به حجم پايين مراودات اقتصادي و سياسي منجر شد. طرح مسائلي چون حقوق بشر و نوع ديدگاه طرفين به بحث تروريسم و... در پاره اي از مواقع حتي به قطع ارتباط طرفين هم انجاميد. با طرح مساله هسته‏اي ايران اين اختلافات عميق تر شد. با مذاكرات چند ساله نهايتا موضوع هسته‏اي ايران   به سرانجام رسيد و طرفين ايران و قدرت‏‏هاي جهاني مساله هسته‏اي ايران را از موضوعي امنيتي به موضوعي فني تغيير دادند. پژوهش   با طرح اين سوال كه برجام چه تاثيري   بر روابط ايران و اتحاديه اروپا خواهد گذاشت با استفاده از روش تحليلي-توصيفي برجام را باعث رونق روابط اقتصادي-سياسي ايران و اتحاديه اروپا مي داند.

  Abstract  With Obama?s administation, we are witness to the adjustment in the foreign policy of United states incomparison with Bush period. Obama has created this changing through rotation the strategy and emphasizing on distance of soft power and prioritizing diplomacy with goal of accomplishment of Iran?s nuchear issue. His approach, based on changing policy in the from of the smart power, is considered as one of important pivotes in the United stste?s foreign policy.So foreign policy of this country in face with Iran?s nuclear dossier has been accompanimented by 2 mutual of formal diplomatic campaign on the one hand, and applying encouraging and punitive policies in form of sanctions, on the other hand. Following this policy from America made Iran adopt a realistic approach in its foreign policy against America?s new strategy. Hence, Iran?s new approach has followed the negotiations based on the flexible and diplomatic view not merely based on the security view. We want to answer this question: What is the effect of America?s smart power on the flow of negotiations between Iran?s and west (5+1 group)? It is concluded that United state?s policy that it?s based on the smart power, leads into changing   the style of negotiations between Iran and 5+1 group.This revolution has been applied through interaction in form of heroics flexibility, wich has been originated from our country?s foreign policy system. Prominence of diplomatic tools against Iran?s nuclear program, has changed the form of negotiations and Iran?s strategic action in front of America?s new approach was in the atmosphere of applying heroic   suppleness in during negotiations.      Key words: Iran?s nuclear dossier, Foreign policy of Obama?s state, Smart power, Heroic suppleness.    

جمهوري اسلامي ايران از دهه ي دوم پس از انقلاب تاكنون، همواره كوشيده است كه در قالب قوانيني همچون برنامه هاي پنج ساله ي توسعه و يا سند چشم انداز 20 ساله به اهداف توسعه اي مورد نظرش دست يابد. با اين همه در اكثر اوقات اين تلاش ها با ناكامي هايي مواجه شده است كه منشاء بسياري از آن ها چالش هاي ساختاري جمهوري اسلامي ايران در تعامل با اقتصاد سياسي جهاني بوده است. رويكرد نوگرامشينيستي اقتصاد سياسي، با روش «ماترياليسم تاريخي» و «تبيين و تفهم»، امكانات قابل ملاحضه اي براي شناسايي موانع ساختاري ايران در نظم موجود اقتصاد سياسي جهاني دارد، و بر اين اساس با عطف به مفهوم «هژموني» كه در برگيرنده ي سه ساختار نيروهاي مادي(اقتصاد)، انديشه ها (فرهنگ) و نهادها (سياست)، و ارتباط متقابل آن ها با همديگر است، رويارويي بلوك هاي جهاني قدرت با ايران را در جهت ممانعت از بهره مندي از مختصات ژئواكونوميكي اش مي توان تبيين كرد. از دهه ي 1970 به اين سو، در اقتصاد سياسي جهاني، ساختار نيروهاي مادي با شيوه ي توليد پسافوردي و گسترش دولت- جامعه هاي «لاكي»، ساختار انديشه ها با تكثرگرايي و نوليبراليسم ( و بازوهاي ايدئولوژيكي آن يعني اجماع واشنگتن و اعلاميه ي جهاني حقوق بشر)، و ساختار نهادها با فرآيندهاي جهاني شدن دولت، «مقررات زدايي» و «پولمداري» آميخته بوده است. در برابر، ساختار نيروهاي مادي در ايران بر پايه ي اقتصاد سياسي نفت و دولت تحصيلدار، ساختار انديشه ها با اسلام گرايي، و ساختار نهادها با انحصارات دولتي و عدم دوام سياست هاي اقتصادي تعريف شده و در تعارض با ساختارهاي جهاني همتاي خود مي باشند.   واژگان كليدي: جهاني شدن، ساختار قدرت، اقتصاد سياسي جهاني، توسعه، اقتصاد سياسي جمهوري اسلامي ايران، چالش هاي ساختاري