Kiomars Sohaili

Abstract This study investigates the impact of fluctuations in the national currency’s value on the level of happiness in Iran. Persistent depreciation of the national currency in recent years—through channels such as rising inflation, declining purchasing power, increasing income inequality, and weakening economic security—has the potential to significantly influence individuals’ subjective well?being and life satisfaction. At the same time, currency devaluation may generate limited positive effects through improved export competitiveness and potential gains in employment.   Using reliable national and international datasets on currency value, key macroeconomic indicators, and happiness measures, this research analyzes the relationship between these variables within a regression?based empirical framework. The findings indicate that currency depreciation has a statistically significant negative effect on happiness in Iran, primarily transmitted through inflationary pressures and the erosion of households’ purchasing power. Although some positive effects related to increased exports and employment appear in certain periods, these effects are insufficient to offset the broader negative consequences of currency devaluation on subjective well?being. Overall, the results highlight that economic stability, inflation control, and preservation of purchasing power play a vital role in enhancing social well?being and improving life satisfaction. Currency instability, therefore, emerges as a key factor contributing to declines in happiness among the Iranian population.   

   One of the main problems for countries with oil resources is the existence of Dutch disease, during which, with the abundance of oil revenues, on the one hand, it is faced with a decrease in the exchange rate and on the other hand, with a decrease in competitiveness. The combination of these factors causes the economy to be highly vulnerable to external fluctuations. In this regard, the present study uses Iranian economic statistics during the period 1992-2023 and applies the ARDL approach to assess the impact of Dutch disease on the Iranian economy, focusing on the dynamics of the exchange rate and export diversity. The results of the present study show that there is a kind of causality from oil exports to the exchange rate and export diversity, but ARDL estimates show that oil revenues have improved the value of the national currency in the short term, but in the long term this effect is not statistically significant. Also, oil revenues have reduced export diversity in both the short and long term and have significantly increased the possibility of the emergence of Dutch disease. Therefore, the existence of Dutch disease in the Iranian economy has been confirmed, but given the decrease in foreign income, n recent years, this phenomenon has become less. Industrialization in the economy has significantly reduced the impact of the emergence of Dutch disease, and this is due to the nature of the development of the industrial sector in the growth of technology and innovation, ultimately foreign investment in the Iranian economy has not had a significant effect on export diversification. Therefore, improving diplomacy to remove economic sanctions and using the capacity of foreign direct investment to strengthen export diversification and using oil revenues to improve infrastructure to encourage the entry of the private sector are the most important policies to avoid Dutch disease.

   Purpose: This study aimed to examine the impact of internal auditors’ individual and professional attributes on the quality of independent auditing within the Iraqi banking sector. Given the increasing importance of tra  arency and accountability in emerging financial systems, the research focused on identifying key competency dimensions of internal auditors—including specialized education, work experience, professional expertise, independence, professional ethics, and communication skills—and assessing how each of these dimensions contributes to enhancing independent audit quality. This approach provides valuable insights into leveraging human capital to strengthen oversight and public trust in the banking system.

With the development of new technologies, especially artificial intelligence, the insurance industry, as one of the main pillars of the country's financial system, is on the path of digital transformation. The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a model for improving the attitude towards the acceptance of artificial intelligence in the insurance industry. This study was applied in terms of purpose and was conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory research method. The study population included all experts, such as faculty members with relevant resumes and expertise, managers, specialists, and active and expert experts in Kowsar insurance agencies across the country. In terms of data collection method, it was a documentary-field research. Participants were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling methods, and to determine the sample size, sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The data collection tools in this study included reviewing existing documents and evidence, semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and field note-taking. To determine the validity and reliability of the research, triangulation techniques were used, as well as review by key participants and other colleagues of the research team. A three-stage coding technique was used to analyze the data. The results also presented a paradigmatic model consisting of the dimensions of causal conditions (including economic factors, cultural and social factors, etc.), contextual conditions (including managerial and organizational factors, infrastructure), intervening conditions (including legal-supportive factors, educational and research factors), measures (including organizational, educational-research, institutional and governmental factors, etc.), and consequences (including social, technological and innovative factors, etc.). This research states that the adoption of artificial intelligence in the Iranian insurance industry is not only a technological choice, but also a strategic organizational-cultural transformation, the success of which depends on a systemic and comprehensive approach to all influential factors.   

 Iran’s economy is among those in which energy consumption is heavily subsidized; as a result, domestic energy prices are low compared to neighboring countries. This has led to inefficient energy use, and international statistics classify Iran as a high energy?intensity economy. At the provincial level, there is also a considerable gap in energy intensity that cannot be fully explained by standard determinants such as industrialization, urbanization, GDP, and financial development; part of this gap is due to unexplained factors that conventional models cannot capture.Using provincial data for 2007–2020 and a decomposition?model approach, this study estimates the contribution of industrialization, GDP, urbanization, population, and financial development to energy intensity. The GMM estimation results show that industrialization, economic growth, and financial development have a negative and significant effect on energy intensity, whereas population and urbanization exert a positive and significant effect. Finally, the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition indicates that about 93% of the gap in energy intensity and 70% of total energy consumption can be explained by these factors, while the contribution of smuggling and improper consumption patterns is about 7% of the intensity gap and 30% of energy use. Accordingly, designing appropriate economic structures that reinforce the negative impact of the above factors on energy intensity is a key policy priority for Iran’s economy.

 Abstract: The increasing trend of income inequality, along with high inflation, unemployment, and social injustice in the Middle East, has made this region one of the most unequal regions in the world. These acute socio-economic conditions have made it more than ever clear that policymakers need to pay serious attention to the issue of reducing inequality and more equitable income distribution. In the meantime, corruption is recognized as one of the most important structural factors exacerbating inequality in the countries of this region. This study examines in-depth the mechanisms of the impact of corruption on income inequality in the Middle East. In this regard, to examine the relationship between corruption and other control variables such as the global governance index, gross domestic product, trade openness, and unemployment rate with income inequality, panel data econometric techniques are used with annual data over the period 2012-2022 for 12 Middle East countries based on the World Bank classification.

  The unemployment rate, as one of the macroeconomic indicators, has had a wide impact on various aspects of the social and economic life of societies. The happiness and psychological well-being of citizens are also among the variables that are affected by the increase in the unemployment rate. Scientific study and quantitative estimation of the impact of the increase in the unemployment rate on happiness are of particular importance, which are addressed in this research. In the research model, the happiness index is considered as the dependent variable and the unemployment rate as the independent variable. In addition, variables such as inflation, per capita income, economic growth rate, trade openness and exchange rate are also considered as control variables. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has an econometric approach. The quantile regression technique is used to examine the effect of independent and control variables on happiness. The data used will be collected from reputable national and international sources for the period 2005 to 2023.

Financial development refers to a situation in which the provision of financial services by financial institutions expands and all members of society benefit from a wide range of services (Malekshahi, 2013). Financial development consists of two indicators: liquidity available in the capital market and liquidity available in the banking system (Ahmadian, 2010). Due to the higher capacity and influence of banks in the country, bank-based financial development has been more prevalent since the 1979 Revolution. Development is divided into two parts: economic development and financial development. In the financial development dimension, banks play a key role in mobilizing diverse resources, ensuring their appropriate, accurate, efficient, and tra  arent circulation in transactions, and providing financing (Yujue Wang, 2024). Smart banking, as one of the vital infrastructures of the banking industry, plays a crucial role in the distribution of banking services (Karimkhani, 2023). One of the important areas in making society smarter to exploit the capabilities of smart banking systems is that the structural system of banks defines and deploys smart tools, and the target audience uses these tools. Therefore, the share of financial transactions conducted through these financial tools out of total transactions can be considered a percentage of smart financial development tools. In this study, which aims to examine the effect of smart financial depth on inflation and unemployment indicators across the provinces of the country, the smart financial depth index is defined and calculated by multiplying two indices: financial depth and the smart depth coefficient. The smart depth coefficient is calculated and extracted based on the ratio of mobile banking transactions to total transactions, using the reported statistical data and information of the country’s banking sector. Inflation and economic growth indicators are extracted from the monthly reports of the Statistical Center of Iran as well as regional accounts data, and after ensuring their temporal consistency, they are utilized in the analysis. In this research, control and instrumental variables related to economic and social conditions are also included in the model to prevent bias in the results. Finally, by applying diagnostic tests such as the Sargan test and autocorrelation tests, the validity of the instruments and the correctness of the model are evaluated to ensure that the research findings are sufficiently reliable and can serve as an appropriate basis for policy decision-making. Ultimately, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between smart financial depth and unemployment and inflation rates across the provinces of the country.  

   The present study aims to identify and analyze the challenges of creating sustainable employment for individuals with disabilities in workshop units supported by the Welfare Organization of Kermanshah Province. Sustainable employment, a key component in human and social development and crucial for enhancing the dignity and social participation of people with disabilities, continues to face issues such as unemployment and discrimination despite existing protective legislation. This qualitative study employed a qualitative content analysis approach, conducting 20 semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of employment for people with disabilities (using purposive snowball sampling) to analyze the data. Findings indicate that the challenges to sustainable employment for individuals with disabilities are multidimensional and intersectoral, >   Keywords: Sustainable employment of persons with disabilities, welfare, social entrepreneurship, social support, sheltered workshops, empowerment of persons with disabilities

   Abstract:   Unemployment is one of the most significant socio-economic challenges facing developing economies, including Iran. A well-functioning labor market is essential for economic stability, social cohesion, and sustainable growth. Monetary policy and financial development are two crucial levers that policymakers can use to combat unemployment. These tools have been extensively studied in both developed and developing countries; however, their specific impacts in economies like Iran, with unique institutional and structural characteristics, require deeper exploration. Therefore, this study employs time series data from 2001 to 2022 to analyze how monetary policy instruments—including the money supply, interest rate, and exchange rate—along with a composite of three financial development indicators (Financial Development Efficiency Index, Financial Depth Index, and Structural Financial Development Index), affect the unemployment rate. Short-term dynamics will be assessed using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, while long-term relationships will be examined through a Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). The findings indicate that, in the short term, no clear causal relationship between monetary policy and unemployment is observed, and even unconventional reactions are present. However, in the long term, a significant equilibrium relationship stabilizes, whereby both expansionary monetary policy and financial development have a reducing effect on the unemployment rate. Financial development shows a weak impact in the short term but becomes the strongest factor reducing unemployment in the medium term, and its reducing effect persists into the long termveu, albeit with less intensity. Conversely, the interest rate has an unexpected negative effect on unemployment in the short term and a positive effect in the long term. Furthermore, currency depreciation reduces unemployment in the short term by boosting exports, but in the long term, as inflationary effects dominate, this relationship reverses. In conclusion, the results emphasize the necessity of adopting a long-term perspective in policymaking and aligning monetary policy with structural reforms in the labor market and financial system to achieve sustainable employment.    Key Words: Unemployment, Monetary Policies, Financial Development, Vector Autoregression (VAR), Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM), Iran.

   Fraud is a complex phenomenon that brings destructive effects on business units and society.‌Increase The amount of fraud leads to the bankruptcy of large companies and raises concerns about the quality of financial statements Recently, prominent cases of fraud have attracted the attention of media and legislators around the world i   Accurate assessments of the auditor and how he reacts to the risk of fraud, a key solution to reduce costs is fraud.   Hence, fraud risk assessment as a control mechanism due to the existence of fraudulent activities It is necessary.   Professional doubts of auditors and behavioral characteristics of managers, including narcissism Their behavior and decisions in the organization are governed by valuable concepts that affect the tra  arency of financial reporting and quality Auditing has a significant impact, so the purpose of the current research is to determine the impact of the auditor's professional skepticism And the narcissism of the board members is on the fraud risk assessment.   To examine this issue, a composite example Out of 326 auditors working in the audit organization and other audit institutions, members of the public accountants community Iran were randomly selected and analyzed.   To analyze data from the method of equations structural and    version 26 and 3PLS smart statistical software were used.   The research results showed that auditors Having a higher level of professional skepticism compared to auditors having a level of professional skepticism lower, they rate the fraud risk higher and the narcissism of the board members on the auditor's risk assessment It has had a significant impact on fraud risk

   Income inequality is one of the fundamental and enduring challenges of the Iranian economy, which has far-reaching effects on social dynamics, political stability, and economic growth. The increase in class gaps and the decrease in social justice are among the most important consequences of this phenomenon, which double the need to review economic policies. Accordingly, the present study was designed with the aim of examining in detail and empirically the asymmetric effects of monetary and fiscal policies on income inequality in Iran during the period 2011-2012. This study attempts to determine whether the response of income inequality to changes in macroeconomic variables - such as inflation, interest rates, taxes, and financial development - is the same in increasing and decreasing directions. To achieve this goal, seasonal data on the Iranian economy and the econometric model of the autoregressive model with asymmetric distribution lags (NARDL) have been used to analyze the difference in the effect of positive and negative shocks of these variables on income distribution more accurately.

   In the contemporary world, fiscal decentralization has been considered as a solution to improve the efficiency, tra  arency, and financial sustainability of governments, especially in developing economies. This process, by transferring financial authority from the central government to local levels, can have significant effects on resource management and financial sustainability. However, the impact of fiscal decentralization on government financial sustainability in centralized economies such as Iran has been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization on government financial sustainability in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1390-1402. Using the FMOLS econometric method and panel data, the effects of fiscal decentralization (FD), economic growth (GDP), inflation (INF), and unemployment (UN) variables on government financial sustainability (FS) were examined. The results showed that fiscal decentralization has a significant and negative effect on financial sustainability by reducing current expenditures and improves it. In contrast, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment weaken financial sustainability by increasing expenditures. These findings are consistent with the theories of fiscal decentralization and budget sustainability and emphasize the importance of strengthening the fiscal autonomy of provinces. By providing a framework based on provincial data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers suggestions for fiscal policymaking in Iran.

Fair distribution of income is one of the obvious examples of social justice, and nowadays it is one of the main concerns of all countries, both developed and developing. Many researchers believe that the main reason for poverty in today's world is not the lack of income, but the unfair and unequal distribution of income. Dealing with income   inequality, which will eventually turn into economic and social inequality, is very important, and this will not be achieved unless the causes and factors affecting income   inequality are identified, evaluated and analyzed. In this regard, in this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of the cryptocurrency market on the income inequality of selected developing and developed countries using the panel data method during the period of 2019-2023.  

   Abstract: In this study we have been trying to examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on carbon dioxide emission and ecological footprint in chosen developing and developed countries with quantile on quantile regression analysis, we used panel data of ten developed and developing countries in twenty seven years. In this study we create for models:   model 1: examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on carbon dioxide emission in five developing countries.   model2: examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on ecological footprint in five developing countries. Model3: examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on carbon dioxide emission in five developed countries. Model4:   examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on ecological footprint in five developed countries. The result showed that in model1 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon emission although in few quantiles positive impact and no impact was indicated. The result showed that in model1 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on carbon emission. The result showed that in model1 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of economic growth on carbon emission. The result showed that in model2 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in mode2 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on carbon emission although in few quantiles negative impact was indicated.   The result showed that in model2 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of economic growth on ecological footprint is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in model3 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon emission is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half.    The result showed that in model3 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on carbon emission although in few quantiles no impact was indicated. The result showed that in model3 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of economic growth on carbon emission is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in model4 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on ecological foot print is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in model4 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on ecological foot print although in few quantiles negative impact and no impact was indicated. The result showed that in model4 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of economic growth on ecological foot print.

   Today, unemployment is a major economic challenge in Iran, significantly impacting the country's economic performance and creating various economic difficulties. E-commerce, as a sector influenced by technological advancements, plays a substantial role in generating new employment opportunities for the economy. However, the development of this sector is not solely dependent on the level of a country's digitalization but is also related to the speed of technology adoption and its integration into business environments.E-commerce has led to the formation of new businesses and is characterized by the diminished role of distance, reduced transaction costs, facilitated information gathering, balanced supply and demand, decreased need for intermediaries, and reduced necessity for physical presence. As a symbol of the modern economy, e-commerce is considered one of the most critical drivers of societal progress and holds a significant share in global trade.The objective of this research is to examine the effect of e-commerce development on employment in Iran using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the EViews software. For this purpose, monthly data from the years 2015 to 2023 (1394 to 1402 in the Persian calendar) has been utilized. This study is descriptive in nature and applied in terms of its purpose. The current research is based on the hypothesis that e-commerce development has a positive effect on employment. Therefore, considering the positive impact of e-commerce on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the estimation results indicate that the development of e-commerce has had a positive effect on employment in Iran.

In the contemporary world, food security, as one of the main pillars of sustainable development and social welfare, plays a central role in the economic and social policies of countries. This concept, which, according to the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), emphasizes universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, is affected by several factors, including exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate, as a macroeconomic variable, can affect food access, supply stability, and nutritional quality through its impact on import costs, domestic inflation, and household purchasing power. In developing economies such as Iran, which have a significant dependence on food imports and agricultural inputs, exchange rate fluctuations have become a major challenge for maintaining food security. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of these fluctuations on various dimensions of food security has received less attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on food security in Iran during the period 2010-2013. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) econometric method and time series data, this study seeks to identify the channels of exchange rate impact on the Food Security Index (FSI) and to provide policy solutions to reduce its negative effects. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective for policymaking in the field of food security.   

   Income inequality is one of the main challenges facing middle-income countries on the path to sustainable development and inclusive growth. In this regard, financial inclusion and the development of the financial system can play an important role in reducing inequality. This study aims to investigate the role of financial inclusion, through the channel of financial development, on income inequality in a comparative study of Iran and a panel of selected middle-income countries from 2005 to 2023. The central research question is whether and how a country's level of financial development affects the effectiveness of financial inclusion in reducing income inequality. To test the research hypotheses, a panel data model using the Fixed Effects method was employed, incorporating an interaction term to measure the channel role of financial development. Income inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, while financial inclusion and financial development are measured using standard international indicators. The key findings of the research indicate that financial inclusion, by itself, has a strong, negative, and statistically significant effect on income inequality. Financial development is also independently associated with a reduction in inequality. However, the study's most significant finding, derived from the analysis of the interaction term, reveals a more complex and non-linear relationship. The positive and significant coefficient of the interaction term implies that as the level of financial development increases, the inequality-reducing power of financial inclusion diminishes. In other words, the effectiveness of financial inclusion in mitigating inequality is considerably greater in countries with lower levels of financial development. This finding carries important policy implications: policymakers should adopt a conditional, two-stage approach. In the early stages of development, focusing on expanding access to basic financial services can be a highly effective tool for reducing inequality. In later stages, however, the policy focus must shift towards structural reforms that ensure the "inclusiveness" and "efficiency" of the entire financial system, allowing its benefits to be broadly distributed and contributing to a sustainable reduction in inequality.

Today, limited energy resources and increasing world population have faced countries with an energy consumption crisis. Considering the contemporary and rapidly changing society, renewable energies are emerging as a key element in advancing environmental resilience and energy independence. The limited resources of non-renewable (fossil) energies and the increase in environmental pollution caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels are considered problems in energy consumption. These factors increase the importance of renewable energy consumption. The issue of environmental pollution and economic issues has led to the emergence of an approach called green economy. This goal will not be achieved unless the causes and obstacles to achieving it are analyzed. Although there are numerous studies on the effects of renewable energies, few studies have been conducted on the impact of renewable energy consumption on green growth and life expectancy. With the aim of filling this research gap, the effect of renewable energy consumption on green growth and life expectancy in RECAI countries will be examined using a wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile regression model.

   بررسي كيفيت گزارشگري مالي از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است، زيرا اين امر نقش بسيار مهمي در تصميم‌گيري‌هاي مديريتي و سرمايه‌گذاري دارد. در اين راستا، ارزيابي دقيق و عميق كيفيت گزارش‌هاي مالي مي‌تواند به عنوان يك ابزار كارآمد براي تحليل و پيش‌بيني عملكرد شركت‌ها و ارزش‌گذاري آن‌ها عمل كند. از اين رو، اين تحقيق با هدف ارزيابي كيفيت گزارش‌هاي مالي بر اساس ويژگي‌هاي شركت و نقش آن‌ها در فرآيند گزارش‌دهي مالي و ارزش‌گذاري شركت‌ها انجام شده است. جامعه آماري پژوهش ، كليه شركت‌هاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در دوره زماني 1395 الي 1402 مي باشد كه پس از اعمال محدوديت‌هاي پژوهش، شركت ها به عنوان تعداد نمونه مورد مطالعه در اين پژوهش انتخاب مي شود. جهت تدوين مباني نظري موضوع پژوهش از روش كتابخانه‌اي و مطالعات اسنادي استفاده مي گردد. براي گردآوري اطلاعات مربوط به متغيرهاي پژوهش از صورت هاي مالي شركت هاي نمونه كه اطلاعات آن در سايت كدال و نيز نرم افزار رهاورد نوين درج شده استفاده شده است. پس از اندازه گيري متغيرهاي پژوهش، از تجزيه و تحليل رگرسيون چندگانه به كمك نرم افزار Eviews12 استفاده شد. نتايج نشان داد طولاني‌تر شدن چرخه عملياتي و نوسانات فروش منجر به كاهش كيفيت گزارشگري مالي و ارزش شركت مي‌شوند، در حالي كه اندازه بزرگ‌تر شركت با كيفيت و ارزش بالاتر ارتباط مثبت دارد. سن شركت و اهرم مالي تأثير معناداري بر كيفيت گزارشگري مالي و ارزش شركت نداشتند. اين يافته‌ها بر اهميت مديريت مناسب چرخه عملياتي و فروش و توجه به اندازه شركت در ارتقاي كيفيت گزارشگري مالي تأكيد دارند. كليدواژه:

  Today, trade openness is considered as one of the fundamental pillars in the process of economic globalization and the development of e-business. Reducing trade barriers and increasing international interactions not only provide the basis for the transfer of new technologies and increasing access to global markets, but also improve productivity, increase competitiveness, reduce transaction costs, and expand innovation opportunities. These factors, along with the expansion of digital infrastructure and the growth of e-commerce, can directly affect the improvement of social welfare indicators and the achievement of sustainable development. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of trade openness on the development of e-business in Iran and analyzes the relationships between key variables of the digital economy and international trade using the ARDL econometric model. The research findings showed that investment in digital infrastructure, improving the quality of communication services, and paying attention to the principles of sustainable development play a fundamental role in the growth of e-commerce in Iran. However, the results obtained indicate that trade openness in the current conditions of Iran has not had a significant effect on the expansion of e-commerce and the increase in the number of businesses with the electronic trust symbol (Einmod). This is due to several key factors: first, extensive sanctions and restrictions on trade and financial exchanges that have prevented Iran from taking advantage of the potential capacities of trade openness. second, the structural dependence of the economy on natural resources, especially oil and gas, and the fragility of the domestic economy against fluctuations in global energy prices. third, institutional and infrastructural weaknesses in areas such as tra  ortation, logistics, the banking system, and access to new technologies. At the same time, additional studies show that trade openness can indirectly and in the long term affect the development of e-commerce by facilitating technology transfer, increasing knowledge-based interactions, and creating competition in domestic markets. However, the realization of these effects requires the removal of structural barriers, institutional reforms, and improvement of international relations. Accordingly, the research results emphasize that policymakers, in addition to pursuing the expansion of trade interactions, should pay special attention to developing information technology infrastructure, strengthening the financial and banking system, and enhancing the competitive capabilities of domestic firms so that the positive effects of trade openness on e-commerce in Iran become apparent.

  In recent years, earnings quality has attracted considerable attention in accounting and finance research as a key indicator for evaluating the tra  arency and reliability of financial information. This study aims to examine the impact of CEO overconfidence on the relationship between managerial ability and earnings quality in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2017–2023. The statistical population includes all listed companies during this period, and based on screening criteria, a sample of 141 companies was selected. The research is quantitative and descriptive-analytical, with data collected from secondary sources, including audited financial statements, explanatory notes, board reports, and the CODAL system. The study variables were extracted and calculated, and multiple regression analysis in EViews 12 was used to evaluate the relationships among them. The findings indicate that managerial ability has a significant positive relationship with earnings quality, and CEO overconfidence plays a meaningful moderating role in this relationship, reducing the effect of managerial ability on earnings quality. The results emphasize that attention to managerial behavioral traits and the enhancement of managerial ability are essential for improving the tra  arency and reliability of corporate financial reporting.

   Today, one of the challenging issues worldwide is the impact of air pollution, particulate matter, and socio-economic status on public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting public health in selected Asian countries from 1980 to 2022 using spatial econometrics. This study seeks to improve the quality of life and reduce the burden of diseases. Mortality is an indicator of public health. The variables affecting public health are: air pollution, unemployment, trade, energy poverty, education expenditure, and population density. The results of the cointegration test, considering cross-sectional dependence, show that there is a long-run relationship between the variables in the model. The results of the Moran spatial correlation test indicate the existence of spatial correlation between countries. In all spatial models, the spatial autocorrelation coefficient is significant and positive, indicating strong spatial spillover effects on public health. Pollution, energy poverty, and unemployment significantly reduce public health, while trade, education spending, and population density significantly improve public health. According to the space camera model, air pollution, unemployment, trade, energy poverty, population density, and education spending have spatial spillover effects on public health. Therefore, it is recommended that efforts to reduce air pollution, reduce unemployment, increase trade, education spending, and improve access to electricity be made a top priority for different countries, in order to protect the health and well-being of their own populations and those of neighboring countries.   

The present study aims to present a model for the adoption of artificial intelligence in human resource management with an emphasis on improving organizational technological entrepreneurship (case study: Kermanshah Provincial Health Insurance Organization) in Kermanshah Province. This study is applied in terms of purpose and is a qualitative research using the grounded theory method. The statistical population of this study was all experts in various relevant communities, such as experts in the field of human resource management, faculty members with relevant resumes and backgrounds, and other experts in this field. 18 people were surveyed in semi-structured in-depth individual interviews using a non-probability purposeful sampling method using the snowball method until saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis method. Based on the results of the study, causal, contextual, intervening factors, main phenomena, strategies, and consequences were identified through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding using MAXQDA 2022 software. The findings showed that the obtained categories were categorized into 26 categories in 6 main categories, which included the following causal factors: competitive advantages in adopting artificial intelligence, managerial and organizational capabilities, technical and technological infrastructure, challenges and barriers to adoption, and factors facilitating adoption. Contextual factors included organizational characteristics, technological characteristics, external environment and market, human and behavioral characteristics. Also, intervening factors included training and skills development, management and leadership support, organizational culture and technology adoption, data and infrastructure quality, communication and information. Strategies included training and development of human resources, management and leadership support, improving infrastructure and data, increasing employee participation, developing evaluation and motivation models, creating a culture of innovation and learning, strengthening internal and external communications, and the consequences were improving human resource performance, strengthening technological entrepreneurship, increasing technology adoption and culture, improving organizational efficiency, and better strategic decision-making. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that for success in adopting new technologies, it is of great importance to develop managerial and organizational capabilities through holding special training courses for managers and clarifying the goals of artificial intelligence for all levels of management.   

This research aims to examine the impact of adherence to professional regulations, ethics internal locus of control, and emotional intelligence on the ability to detect fraud, considering the mediating role of norms leading to reduced audit quality in the public sector. From the perspective of its objective, this research is applied, and in terms of its nature and method, it is descriptive-survey. For data collection, the questionnaire developed by Yulianti et al. (2023) was used. The statistical population of this study includes auditors employed at the Supreme Audit Court of Iran, responsible for auditing the public sector. To better cover the population, the questionnaire was distributed (both in-person and online) across the provinces of Tehran, Markazi, Kermanshah, and Fars. Following the distribution and applying simple random sampling, a total of 308 valid responses were collected and analyzed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. The results revealed that adherence to professional regulations, ethics, internal locus of control, and emotional intelligence have a positive and significant effect on reducing norms that lead to diminished audit quality in the public sector. It was also found that these variables directly enhance the ability to detect fraud, with the mediating role of norms reducing audit quality being significant. Furthermore, the significant impact of such norms on the ability to detect fraud was confirmed, highlighting the crucial importance of auditors' professional conduct. Strengthening the driving forces among auditors working at the Supreme Audit Court can lead to a reduction in behaviors that lower audit quality in the public sector and, conversely, improve the ability to detect fraud. Accordingly, it is recommended that policymakers and managers at the Supreme Audit Court focus on promoting professional adherence, providing ethical training, enhancing internal locus of control, and fostering emotional intelligence among auditors to improve audit quality and fraud detection in the public sector.

   This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability. This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability.

Monetary and banking crises are one of the economic problems that have affected many countries, including Iran, today. Banking crises cause many economic problems, and most economists are looking for a solution to contain the crises. Several factors affect banking crises, including: individual bank fragility factors and systemic crisis, international shock factors in banking crises, bank ownership and structure factors, political factors, financial structure and financial development, banking regulations, and macroeconomic and microeconomic variables are among the main reasons for the banking crisis in Iran. And examining the conditions governing Iranian banks and countries that have experienced banking or currency crises have higher inflation rates in the long term. In addition, banking crises coincide with a large increase in the government budget deficit or even with the government debt crisis.Given the importance of the monetary and banking crisis on Iran's economic growth, an accurate and scientific estimate of the effects of these variables on the growth rate of the Iranian economy is of particular importance. And in this thesis, the method of self-explanatory nonlinear approach with wide lags, using data from 1370-1400, has been used in estimating the models. The results obtained from the model estimation indicate that: In the Iranian economy, the relationship between the logarithm of commercial bank debt to the central bank, the logarithm of government debt to the central bank, the logarithm of inflation rate, the logarithm of exchange rate, the logarithm of liquidity volume and the logarithm of interest rate with the logarithm of economic growth is nonlinear (asymmetric). Monetary crises are usually related to imbalances in money supply and demand, increased inflation rates and currency instability.Monetary and banking crises can lead to reduced investment, increased unemployment, and a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP), which in this case affects economic growth. Also, in some cases, crises can lead to structural reforms and improved economic efficiency. Therefore, it can be said that the relationship between monetary and banking crises and economic growth is nonlinear.

In the contemporary world, smart economy has become a key factor in the economic transformation of countries by expanding its effects on various economic sectors, including the development of research and development, technology-based employment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. This process, relying on needs such as reducing production costs, accurate and fast documentation, efficient financial transactions, and reducing human error, not only increases productivity, but also transforms government systems, banking, and competitive markets. However, the effects of smart economy on macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and growth, especially in emerging economies, have been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of smart economy on inflation and economic growth in the BRICS countries (including new members including Iran) during the period 2005-2023. The results showed that smart economy, while strengthening economic growth through increased productivity, can increase inflation in the short term due to initial infrastructure costs. By providing a dual framework and utilizing up-to-date data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective in this field.

  رشد بي سابقه و اهميت جهاني بيت كوين و طلا علاقه به درك

Abstract Oil is one of the most crucial energy resources in the global economy, and its price fluctuations have significant impacts on national economies. This study examines the effect of oil price shocks on inflation in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) during the period 2010–2023 using the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) model. For a more comprehensive analysis, the impact of oil price shocks was first estimated for all MENA countries, followed by a separate evaluation for oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. The results indicate that the effect of oil prices on inflation in oil-exporting and oil-importing countries has been dynamic and variable over time. In the initial phase, an increase in oil prices led to a decline in inflation in oil-exporting countries, which could be attributed to government management of oil revenues and price controls. In oil-importing countries, this relationship was initially indirect, possibly due to regulatory policies aimed at preventing the rise in production and consumption costs. However, in the subsequent phase, as oil prices continued to rise, the relationship between oil prices and inflation became direct. In oil-exporting countries, increased oil revenues resulted in higher liquidity, boosted domestic demand, and consequently led to inflation, a phenomenon that can be linked to Dutch disease. In oil-importing countries, the rise in production, tra  ortation, and import costs contributed to higher inflation rates. By the end of the study period, the impact of oil price shocks on inflation had moderated, likely due to economic adjustments to oil price fluctuations and the implementation of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. The findings of this study emphasize that oil shocks have a significant effect on inflation in the MENA region; however, these effects have evolved over time and depend on each country's economic policies and structural conditions. These results can assist policymakers in adopting appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of oil price volatility on inflation.

  One of the variables of interest to economic decision-makers is achieving high economic growth. Various factors influence economic growth. One of these factors is the amount of credit provided by commercial banks for the purchase of equipment and working capital to businesses and consumers. Quantifying the impact of bank loans on economic growth is of particular importance. The growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in any economic system depends on the level of investment, with banks playing a major role in providing the necessary financial resources for investment. The efficient and optimal use of bank loans and credit can lead to increased investment, economic boom, job creation, and consequently, economic growth. In addition, budgetary credits, as fiscal policy, play a significant role in economic growth. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of bank loans on economic growth in 28 out of 31 Iranian provinces using panel data and the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method with annual data from 2006 to 2020. The results of the hypothesis testing show that bank loans have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in the country's provinces. Furthermore, the growth rate of capital, technology, and labor force also have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in the provinces

One of the challenges that future humans face is the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. Given the importance of environmental issues, all countries are trying to minimize environmental damage by using appropriate methods while maintaining their economic goals, which is expected to be effective in this regard. In recent years, on the one hand, good governance has become a permanent issue in public sector management, and on the other hand, the process of economic growth and development of countries in recent decades has been such that environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. In the present study, using data from selected Asian countries, which are among the largest producers of carbon dioxide in the world in terms of environment, the impact of governance in these countries on their environmental quality in the period 2001-2020 is examined. Using a threshold panel model, it is analyzed how good governance indicators affect carbon dioxide emissions-production. The indicators of good governance are: voice and accountability, government efficiency, rule of law, quality of regulations and supervision, political stability and control of corruption. Also, a composite index of good governance is constructed using principal component analysis and its effect on the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and production is examined. The cointegration test confirms the long-term relationship between the research variables. The results indicate that with the improvement of good governance indicators and exceeding the threshold level, the coefficients of production variables change in such a way that less carbon is emitted per unit of production. The greatest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is seen in the rule of law index. In constructing the composite index of good governance, rule of law (45.7%), quality of regulations or supervision (44.02%), efficiency-government (43.94%), control of corruption (42.69%), political stability (36.58%), and voice and accountability (29.68%), respectively, play the greatest role in constructing the main component. Therefore, good governance is a solution for sustainable development, and solutions to improve institutional quality, especially with an emphasis on the rule of law and the quality of regulations and supervision, can be useful in improving environmental conditions and achieving sustainable development.   

  Improving

   Today, one of the major global concerns is environmental issues. Climate change has widespread consequences for human society, including rising sea levels, the occurrence of extreme weather events, and disruptions to agriculture and biodiversity. Neglecting environmental changes affects human life in social and economic dimensions, potentially leading to a decline in welfare and quality of life. Financial development plays a key role in economic growth and development. By facilitating investments, increasing financial inclusion, and supporting economic stability, financial development contributes to economic growth. However, the question arises: What impact does financial development have on environmental quality? Does financial development lead to environmental degradation or facilitate its improvement? The aim of this study is to examine the impact of various financial development indicators on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran from 1981 to 2021. The reliability of the model's variables, considering structural breaks, indicates that all variables are either stationary at level or first difference. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a composite index of financial development is constructed, with the bank deposit-to-GDP ratio playing the most significant role in forming the principal component. The estimation of linear and nonlinear ARDL models shows that renewable energy significantly reduces emissions and improves environmental quality, confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Iran. Both linear and nonlinear ARDL results indicate that financial development has a long-term impact on carbon dioxide emissions. A positive shock in financial development leads to a significant increase in carbon emissions, while a negative shock in financial development does not have a significant impact on carbon emissions. It is recommended that, alongside the improvement of financial development in Iran, the production and consumption of renewable energy should be increased to neutralize the negative environmental effects of financial development.    Keywords: Financial Development, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Renewable Energy, Iran, NARDL

The market value of companies and stock prices can be significantly affected by various factors such as exchange rate changes, liquidity and inflation. The exchange rate has always influenced the behavior of active actors in the financial markets. On the other hand, the prosperity and development of the capital market in Iran can be one of the ways to attract and direct liquidity towards productive activities and achieve long-term and continuous economic growth. Based on this, the current research has investigated the effects of monetary policy uncertainty on Iran's stock returns using the auto-regression with extended intervals (ARDL) approach using annual time series data during the period 1370-1400. The research results show that the effect of monetary policy uncertainty, inflation and exchange rate on stock returns in the long term is significant.   

   One of the main problems of Iran's economy is the high inflation rate. Several factors are effective on the high inflation rate in Iran's economy, and their identification is of particular importance. In this research, the effect of commercial banks' debt and the government's budget deficit on inflation in Iran has been discussed. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of commercial banks' debt and government budget deficit on the inflation rate in Iran's economy by using Iran's economic statistics during the period of 1385-1401 and applying the vector autoregression error correction method with distributional interval. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran.

  Energy poverty refers to social and economic problems that are different from poverty in its traditional sense and originates from the need of households to allocate an inappropriate share of their income for energy services. In Iran's economy, the inefficiency of the houses without households becomes energy services, the use of dangerous fuels, the consumption of consumable fuels to provide the energy needed at home, for cooking and heating. In such cases, governments should present themselves to solve the problems of energy poverty along with other perspectives. However, little attention seems to have been paid to reveal the effects of government spending on energy poverty in developing countries, especially in Iran's economy, which is often criticized for inefficiency in public spending. In this regard, this study investigates the asymmetric effects of government spending on energy poverty in Iran using the NARDL approach during the period of 1380-1400. The results of the hypothesis test showed that public expenses, as an indicator of government performance, have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty. Also, the variables of economic growth rate, income distribution and good governance also have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty.

   Employment, as one of the most important determining factors in the economy, plays a key role in creating economic and political stability, for this reason, paying attention to labor force employment in all countries is of particular importance.   In Iran, considering that unemployment is one of the biggest economic challenges, the employment of the workforce has become one of the main concerns of policymakers and economists in this regard, among the sectors that can play a significant role in creating employment and economic prosperity.   is a cooperative sector.   Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the effects of the development of the cooperative sector on employment in Iran.   For this purpose, the autoregressive econometric method with asymmetric extended breaks (NARDL) has been used in the period of 1380 to 1400.   The results of the first model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable increasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   In the long term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of the added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the largest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   The results of the second model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the decreasing effect of the variable private investment has the largest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives in the long term.   Also, the variable increasing effect of the ratio of added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the greatest positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives.

 In economic literature, financial development is considered as one of the necessities of economic growth and development of countries. Hence, paying attention to financial development and analyzing its effects on economic growth is of particular importance. Achieving the desired economic growth and development is impossible without the existence of efficient financial institutions and appropriate financial resources. On the other hand, today, the ability to achieve innovations by using creative human resources is known as the first step to turn knowledge into wealth. . Therefore, considering the key importance of innovation and institutional development in the economy of developing countries, the present study examines the impact of institutional development and innovation on financial development in 12 OPEC member countries during the period of 2010-2022 using the fully modified least squares method (FMOLS). ) pays. Based on the results obtained, the effect of institutional development and innovation on financial development in OPEC member countries during the period from 2010 to 2022 has been positive and significant.

  The role of energy poverty as one of the important factors in economic growth will provide the basis for economic development or lack of it. On the other hand, explaining the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth can play an important role in setting and formulating energy sector policies. From Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth in MENA member countries in the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis of patterns is FMOLS, PVAR.According to the results obtained from the research, energy poverty has a one-way relationship with economic growth, and in the long term, it has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of 14 MENA member countries in the period of 2010 to 2022.

  On the one hand, economic growth increases welfare, and on the other hand, due to the use of fossil energy as one of the main production inputs, it plays an important role in the production of pollutants, for this reason, one of the main concerns of policymakers is to benefit more from the favorable effects of economic growth. Is. Since carbon dioxide emissions are created by the production sector, households and their consumption patterns, urban structures also play an important role in the production of pollutants, so the relatively high dependence between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth despite favorable structures. Productivity means increasing benefit from the favorable effects of economic growth. In this regard, the current research aims to investigate the effect of renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth by using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2010-2019 and applying the spatial econometric approach, the results Estimates show that renewable energy does not have a significant effect on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions due to the limitation of investment in this type of energy, urbanization, gross domestic product, non-renewable and industrial energy have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, non-renewable energy and urbanization have a positive effect on economic growth, and industrialization has reduced economic growth due to lack of endogeneity. Finally, there is a kind of negative spatial dependence in the emission of carbon dioxide between provinces, which indicates the limitation of growth resources in Iran's economy. Therefore, Iran's economic structure has not been able to benefit from the favorable effects of economic growth in recent years, and for this purpose, improving the technology of the industrial sector and increasing investment in renewable energy are the most important policies to improve Iran's economic situation. Keywords: renewable energy, economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, spatial econometrics.

   Abstract One of the most important challenges facing the global economy is the environmental, warm and climate changes of the earth. The role of energy in the global economy foreshadows the issue of energy. In this regard, the development and development of theories and applications of energy is to obtain methods of compatibility of issues related to energy and environment. More than the study of new energy, they have replaced fossil energy and consider it suitable for fossil fuels. Using selected data from developing countries (41 countries) and developed countries (26 countries), the role of renewable energy in the quality of the environment has been investigated in the period of 2000-2020. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the presence of cross-sectional dependence in developed and the absence of cross-sectional dependence in developing. In accordance with the unit root test, the cointegration test is used to check the long-term relationship between several studies. According to the results of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation test, FGLS and PCSE evaluators are used for the model. Experimental findings show that in both groups of countries, the consumption of renewable energy has a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment, and the absolute value of this effect is more in developed countries than in developing countries, while this result is for fossil energies. It is the opposite. The N-shaped Kuznets environmental curve is confirmed for both groups of countries. Therefore, it cannot be expected that pollution emissions will decrease in the long term with the increase in production. This study highlights the importance of promoting green energy in order to achieve sustainable development and combat global warming.    Keywords: renewable energy, fossil energy, environmental quality, developing and developed countries   

One of the issues that has received the attention of researchers today and is based on the study of the impact of human activities on the environment and the earth, is the ecological footprint. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term relationship between ecological footprint per capita and variables of economic complexity, GDP per capita, energy consumption (renewable and fossil fuel) and financial development, in the period of 1995-2021 using panel data in the countries of China, Japan, India, South Korea and Iran are based on threshold panel and non-threshold panel method. The results of the cointegration test indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between the model variables. The results show that the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets (inverted U growth-ecological footprint relationship) is confirmed in this group of countries. Fossil energy consumption and renewable energy consumption significantly increases and decreases the ecological footprint, respectively. Financial development in the threshold panel model significantly reduces the ecological footprint, while this effect is not significant in the non-threshold panel model. According to the threshold estimates, the threshold value of the economic complexity index is estimated to be 1.12. With the increase of economic complexity, in amounts less than 1.12, the ecological footprint increases with a rate of 0.034. This is while in values greater than 1.12 with the increase in economic complexity, the ecological footprint increases with a rate of 0.0765 (more than 0.034). According to non-threshold estimates, at very low levels of knowledge and economic complexity, ecological footprints decrease as economies become more complex, but then, as economic complexity increases, ecological footprints increase at an increasing rate. In order to achieve sustainable development along with increasing the level of knowledge and economic complexity, it is suggested to the studied countries to use production processes and environmentally friendly technologies, replace renewable energy instead of fossil energy and grow the financial sector. Keywords: economic complexity, ecological footprint, threshold panel model and Kuznets ecological hypothesi  

  The limitation and scarcity of energy resources and the importance of energy in economic growth and development on the one hand and the impact of markets on economic growth and, consequently, the increase in energy consumption on the other hand, show the importance of studying the factors affecting energy demand and consumption. The development of financial markets deals with energy consumption in a group consisting of 53 developing countries and 47 developed countries. In this regard, using the method of analysis of fundamental factors and data from 2000 to 2022, capital market and banking indices are calculated and using the method of generalized moments (GMM). The stock market is examined in terms of energy demand, analysis and analysis of how different variables affect energy demand can help economic planners in the field of energy consumption management and achieving balanced development goals. In this research, the dynamic relationship between energy demand and stock market development in 53 developing countries and 47 developed countries during The period from 2000 to 2022 is examined using the generalized moments method (GMM), the model used is taken from the Sadroski (2010) article, which is as follows. In this regard, the energy demand (FD) and the stock market development index (P) are considered. The price of fuel (Y) will be a function of income (Energy). In this research, the panel data method will be used.

   In this study, the impact of per capita gross domestic income and environmental degradation on happiness in developed and developing countries during the years 2000 to 2022 has been investigated. Also, the wavelet-based quantile regression method was used for data analysis. On the other hand, in order to more closely examine the effect of the above variables on happiness, the variables of the urban population and the population of people over 65 years of age were added to the model as control variables and the following results were obtained: GDP per capita has a positive effect on the happiness index, on the other hand, the positive effect of income per capita decreases in developed countries that have higher happiness. But in developing countries, the relationship is upward, which means that in countries with a higher level of happiness, income has a greater positive effect on happiness. Also, this positive relationship has been confirmed in the short-term, medium-term, and long-term periods. The emission of carbon dioxide as the most important pollutant of the earth's atmosphere and the loss of tree covers have a negative effect on happiness in both categories of countries. The urban population variable has a positive and significant effect on happiness, this positive effect is due to more amenities in the urban environment. Also, the population of people over 65 has a negative effect on happiness. It means that whatever the amount of this population ratio, if it increases to the total population, the level of happiness in that society will decrease.

  On the one hand, one of the most important components of the country's upstream documents is productivity, and on the other hand, Iran's vulnerable economic structure to external shocks has increased the need to pay attention to the endogenous production structure that has the greatest effect on economic growth. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the relationship between productivity and industry structure using statistical evidence of Iranian provinces for the period of 2010-2019 using the generalized moments approach. The results of estimating the industry structure using the index of the location coefficient show that Tehran province has industrial diversity and Bushehr province has the least industrial diversity, the causality results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between productivity and industrial structure, and based on the generalized moments approach, The productivity of the labor force has had a negative effect on the industrial consolidation, and in such a way that the productivity cannot be spread among the industrial sectors for whatever reason it has been created, also the industrial consolidation has had a negative effect on the productivity of the labor force, which indicates the absence of an endogenous structure. has it. Finally, human capital has caused the reduction of labor productivity and industrial consolidation, and financial development has not been able to create the endogenous structure of the industry. Therefore, focusing on creating an industry structure that is based on regional advantages is the most important proposed policy for this research. Keywords: industrial consolidation, labor productivity, generalized moments

Inflation is one of the economic problems that has affected many countries, including Iran. Inflation causes many social and economic problems, and most economists and politicians are looking for a solution to curb inflation. Several factors affect inflation, including the increase in the price index of imported goods, increase in exchange rate, positive and negative shocks of oil income, uncertainty and volatility, increase in the population of the consumer age group, increase in liquidity, expansionary financial policies and budget deficit. Inflation expectations are one of the main causes of inflation in Iran. As mentioned, one of the variables that affects inflation in Iran is liquidity and monetary base. The country's bank balance sheet has been facing a widening imbalance for many years with the overdraft of the banks from the central bank and the government's budget deficit. Therefore, in this research, quantitative estimation of the effect of banks' mismatches on inflation in Iran has been done. In this research, the statistical data of 1370-1400 were used, and the models used are OLS method and quantile regression. The results of the research in the OLS method show that all variables have a significant effect on inflation and also the quantile regression method shows that with the increase in the growth rate of the banks' debt to the central bank, the growth rate of the government's debt to the central bank and the exchange rate in quantiles. high and low, inflation increases, and the growth rate of the production gap and the openness of the financial market have a negative and significant effect on inflation.   

  Economic growth is one of the important and

   Investment is one of the main elements of evaluating the economy of any country. The growth of the capital market in any country is a symbol of the growth of its economic situation. An investment is valuable when both investors and investors benefit from this action. . This requires knowledge of the future status of the companies in the market. When the capital market has continuous profits, investors are also attracted to it, therefore   the criterion of future profit is one of the indicators of valuable investment.The continuation of future profits is also dependent on risk components and growth opportunities as well as cash flow. The coefficient of reaction of future profits can predict the continuation of future profits with the help of current stock returns and solve the concerns of investors.The current research is descriptive in terms of purpose, in terms of practical orientation, in terms of quantitative approach and retrospective in terms of time. In this research, the method of selecting the companies is based on systematic exclusion rule, and a total 120 Tehran stock exchange companies are studied in the period from 2015 to 2022. to test the hypotheses of the research, establishing the classical assumptions of regression has been used. The results obtained from this research show that systematic risk has a significant and direct relationship with the reaction coefficient of future profit. Also, working capital as a mediating factor has a significant effect on the relationship between systematic risk, operating cash flows and growth opportunities.

   The inequality of economic growth is one of the main factors for the heterogeneous distribution of labor and capital and the cause of political and economic crises, because inequality implies the inability of policymakers to benefit from the capacities and potentials of many regions. In this regard, the present study, using the spatial econometric approach and the spatial tile index, examines the effect of financial development on the convergence of economic growth of the province and the analysis of growth inequality for the period of 2007-2020, the results of the study show that 88% of the difference in the economic growth of the provinces It is caused by productivity, which is caused by the financial development and the heterogeneous economic structures of the regions following the application of inputs, in addition to this, the convergence of economic growth with regard to the real and nominal GDP index has been confirmed in all models, and the spillover effects of economic growth The graph is negative, which indicates the limitation of resources and the lack of endogenous economic growth in Iran, finally, financial development plays an important role in the convergence of growth, but their spillover effects have caused the divergence of economic growth in limited cases, so paying attention to the potential of the regions And providing policies in order to benefit from the potential is the most important policy proposal for the present study.

Forecasting the movement of stock market indices is one of the most important topics that is very important for investors, analysts and capital market experts. Due to the fact that the stock market is known as one of the most important financial markets in the world, forecasting stock market indices can be used as an important tool in the decisions of investors and analysts in the capital market. In the meantime, predicting the index of groups can help financial decision makers to make better decisions about the composition of their stock portfolio. There are many algorithms and methods for prediction. These algorithms are usually developed based on time series data analysis. For example, statistical and mathematical methods such as: linear regression, neural networks and machine learning algorithms can be used for prediction. The main goal of this thesis is to compare two artificial neural network models of multilayer perceptron (MLP) and autoregressive processes of cumulative moving average (ARIMA) to predict the indices of four selected stock market groups (automobiles and parts manufacturing, basic metals, pharmaceutical materials and products, and finished products). petroleum products). The time period of the data used in this thesis is from 01/01/1394 to 10/11/1401 on a daily basis. RMSE and MAPE evaluation criteria were used to compare the prediction accuracy of the models. The results showed that the MLP model has a better performance than the ARIMA model in predicting the two groups of automobiles and the manufacture of petroleum products and parts, and the ARIMA model performed better in the case of the two groups of pharmaceutical materials and products and basic metals.  

   Kuznets hypothesis is confirmed in both groups of countries. In both groups of countries, energy consumption and trade openness lead to a decrease in environmental quality, while good governance leads to an increase in environmental quality. ICT significantly leads to a decrease in environmental quality in developing countries. In developed countries, ICT has no significant impact on environmental quality, while access to the internet significantly improves environmental quality. Therefore, the effects of increasing carbon due to ICT development, such as direct and rebound effects, are greater in developing countries than the effects of reducing carbon due to ICT development, such as substitution effects. Considering the impact of ICT on economic growth and development, the use of renewable energy and energy consumption optimization is recommended in developing countries. Activating substitution effects (reducing outdoor activities using online tools) will also help improve environmental quality @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swi   mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}@font-face {font-family:"B Zar"; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-alt:Arial; mso-font-charset:178; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:8193 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; text-align:justify; text-justify:kashida; text-kashida:0%; text-indent:14.2pt; mso-pagination:none; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"B Zar";}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"B Zar"; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ligatures:none;}.MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; text-align:justify; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}

Investigating the effect of industrialization and urbanization on CO2 intensity in OPEC countries Abstract One of the most important negative externality of achieving higher economic growth is the emission of carbon dioxide and the reduction of environmental quality, which is partly caused by production processes and is inevitable, and partly caused by inefficiency in the economy, which can be reduced. This study investigates the effect of industrialization and urbanization on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions using the statistical evidence of OPEC countries over 2000-2021. The results of the model estimation using the panel data approach show that energy intensity as an indicator of The inefficiency of energy consumption and urbanization as an indicator of the lack of optimal structure of cities has a positive and significant effect on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, in addition, industrialization by creating higher economic growth has a negative effect on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions and Economic growth was first accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions and then led to an increase in the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, improving the production structure in order to reduce energy intensity, improving urban structures in order to reduce the effects of congestion and focusing on improving technology to increase the negative effect of industrialization on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions are the most important policies to improve the quality of the environment. Keywords: urbanization, industrialization, intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, Panel data.   

  Inflation is one of the basic problems in Iran's economy. So that during the past years, Iran's economy has experienced high inflation. Therefore, identifying and estimating the factors affecting inflation in Iran can be useful in providing solutions to solve the problem of Iran's economy. One of the factors affecting inflation in Iran is the volume of liquidity and its components, i.e. the increasing coefficient of liquidity and the monetary base. The monetary base has different components based on expenses and sources. Based on expenses, the monetary base includes banknotes and muskox and reserves of commercial banks. According to sources, the monetary base includes net foreign assets of the central bank, net government debt, gross commercial bank debt and net other assets. The effects of spending components and monetary resources components on inflation are not the same. Estimating the impact of each component of monetary base expenses and resources on inflation is of particular importance and can be effective in the country's monetary policies. In this research, it is tried to estimate the effect of components of resources and expenditures on inflation in Iran using time series data for the period of 1370-1400 with self-explanatory econometric method with extended intervals (ARDL). The results indicate that the net foreign assets of the central bank and the net debt of the public sector to the central bank and the gross debt of commercial banks, which are part of the basic monetary resources, have a positive and significant effect on inflation during this period of time, and according to the findings of the research, Banknotes and bills in the flow and reserves of commercial banks with the central bank, which is one of the basic monetary expenses, have a positive and significant effect on inflation. In other words, in both models, the long-term equilibrium relationship between inflation rate variables, net foreign assets of foreign banks, net debt of the public sector to the central bank, gross debt of commercial banks to the central bank, reserves of commercial banks to the central bank and notes and Muskok is accepted in the flow.

The emergence of some important political, economic, social and biological crises has an important role in changing the behavior of human society, especially from the point of view of macro decisions of a country with an economic approach. The preventive and control measures of the corona virus crisis, which require a comprehensive, systematic and multi-dimensional approach, have led to changes in the economic behavior of people in the society, which has caused the country's economic system to face serious challenges.Therefore, the study of the economic situation of the household in the last two years, the effectiveness of the country's decisions regarding the control of the Covid-19 disease and its impact on the economy, the social and economic behavior of the people in the face of such crises in order to prevent challenges and try to create a A healthy economy and its protection are very necessary.In this research, considering the approach of examining the responses of the studied statistical population through the publication of a questionnaire in the virtual space, as well as the use of statistics center data, library documents, related articles, etc., also taking into account the economic situation of the studied population. The study in the last two years uses experimental, content analysis, documentary and descriptive methods. Finally, in the final chapters of the thesis, quantitative data will be analyzed by descriptive statistics and regression methods.The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the spread of the Covid-19 disease on the food security, livelihood and economy of the studied households in Kermanshah province based on the results of an internet survey in a short period of time.   

The automotive industry is currently one of the largest active industries in the country. In developing countries such as Iran, the economic growth of large industries is of great importance in order to achieve economic growth and achieve development. In this study, we examine the convergence or divergence of economic growth of the automotive industry and economic growth of the country during the period 2001 to 2021   within the framework of econometric model. Meanwhile, the main purpose of this study is to answer the question whether there is convergence between the economic growth of the country and the growth of the automotive industry or not? Also, is there a possibility of the country’s economic recession during the boom of large industries such as the automotive industry? And conversely According to the obtained results, the economic growth of the automotive industry and the economic growth of the country are not only convergent, but also divergent in the long term; But in the meantime, the results indicate the mutual relationship and convergence of a number of variables of the automobile industry and their corresponding variables in the country's economy, such as investment, profit and income.   

Urbanization and industrialization are two important economic phenomena that have a complementary relationship, therefore, in favorable economic structures, urbanization is the source of inputs and the market for industrial products, and industry is able to meet the needs of urbanization, in this regard, the present research using statistical evidence of the provinces Iran investigates the relationship between urbanization and industrialization for the period 1390-1398 and using the systemic generalized moments approach, the results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between urbanization and industrialization in Iran's economy, in addition to this growth Industrialization has caused the growth of urbanization, and the growth of urbanization has caused an increase in industrialization due to the spillover effects of technology and knowledge among the workforce. Also, human capital and the ratio of credits have a positive and significant effect on urbanization, and economic growth has increased industrialization, so improving the quality of human capital, focusing credits on value-added activities is the most important policy to improve the relationship between industrialization and urbanization.  

  owadays, calculating efficiency in various organizations and industries is one of the necessary measures in order to compare the level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign scene of a country, and banks are no exception to this rule. Therefore, it is very important to calculate the efficiency of banks and to know the factors affecting it. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of capital adequacy ratio on the efficiency of the banking industry. For this purpose, 11 private and public banks of Iran were selected as a statistical sample during the years 2012 to 2022 and the required data were extracted from the audited annual financial statements of the banks. To measure the cost efficiency, the data coverage analysis method is used, and for the capital adequacy ratio, the ratio obtained by dividing the basic capital by the total assets weighted by the risk coefficients in percentage terms is used. Also, multivariable regression model and panel data method were used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that the ratio of capital adequacy has a negative and significant effect on banking efficiency.

  Organizational capital is a codified, integrated and

  Paying attention to economic growth as one of the goals of countries, especially developing countries, is of significant importance. One of the factors affecting sustainable economic growth is energy consumption. But on the other hand, sustainable economic growth can be a determining factor in energy consumption. The price of energy and the shock resulting from its fluctuations have always been interesting topics in macroeconomics, and there is considerable theoretical and empirical literature in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between oil and gas prices and sustainable economic growth in Iran. The data used in this research was collected seasonally and at the base price of 2010 in the period of 2000-2020 and analyzed through Excel and Eviews 9 software. The base model is the VAR model, which was used to investigate the causal relationship between two variables using the Granger causality and Toda-Yamumoto tests. The results showed that at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the first hypothesis of the research is accepted and there is a significant and positive relationship between oil price and economic growth in Iran. Also, at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the hypothesis of the research that sustainable economic growth is attractive to the price of oil and gas is accepted, and the amount of this elasticity is equal to 1.159.

In recent years, the most important issue that has been faced by the human society is the discussions related to the environmentt. Factors affecting the environment have caused pollution in the water and air, and these pollutions have caused global warming, which has caused many concerns for the world community. In this research, due to the importance of the environment, an attempt is made to examine energy efficiency. For this purpose, the effect of energy intensity variables (energy efficiency index), gross domestic product, energy consumption, degree of trade openness (trade liberalization), clean energy substitution on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions (environmental quality index) using the data method A panel was investigated during the period of 2000-2020. The results of the research show that the replacement of clean energy has a negative effect on the quality of the environment, and the variables of energy intensity, energy consumption, gross domestic product and the degree of trade openness have a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment.   

   One of the goals of the green economy is to reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the use of natural resources in developing economies. This concept is related to the reduction of energy consumption, and more precisely, to the proper use of energy resources. For this reason, it seems that the changes in the use of fossil fuels in the last 25 years can be analyzed in countries with different levels of development. Examining the separation of economic growth from fossil fuels is a key task that few studies have addressed. This issue is also related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, especially clean energy, as fossil fuels are still the main source of energy worldwide. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of economic freedom on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. In the present study, the estimation method of the model is based on consolidated data. This integrated method uses time series data (2000-2020) and cross-sectional data of "developing countries (Iran, Brazil, India and China) and developed countries (USA, UK, Germany and France)".The software program used in this research is Eviwse9, Excel software program. The estimated models are presented in the form of multivariate linear regression models according to the research hypotheses. Based on the obtained results, the first hypothesis according to the results of the fixed effects model and the generalized least squares method, the economic freedom variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate) and for one unit increase in Economic freedom variable, economic growth variable increases by 0.12 units. Therefore, at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. For developed countries, the economic freedom variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate) and for one unit increase in the economic freedom variable, the economic growth variable increases by 0.09 units. Therefore, at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. Regarding the second hypothesis, in developed countries, the second hypothesis of the research was rejected, and in developing countries, except for a few specific years, The second hypothesis was rejected, that is, a positive relationship between economic growth and the amount of renewable fuel consumption was not observed.

   Household demography and changes in household dimensions are among the cases that have not been studied much. The studies that have been done in this field are mostly descriptive and small geographical scale. One of the demographic problems in today's societies is the decrease in the size of the household, which has led to changes in the structure of societies. A household is a group of people that is considered as a coherent and effective unit in economic and social dimensions in human societies. In fact, households are the central core of demographic, social and economic processes. For this reason, any decrease or increase in the household dimension is very important, because it can have different economic and social consequences. Based on this, in this study, the changes in the average size of the household in Iran and the influence of different variables on it were investigated. Factors such as human development, urbanization rate, cost of education and cost of energy consumption in the household affect the dimensions of the household. By adopting a panel approach and based on household statistical data, this study examines the relationship between household dimensions and human development and the changes that occurred in the average household dimensions in Iran and the factors affecting it during the period 1389-1399. The findings showed that during the mentioned period, the average size of the household has decreased, and in general, all the variables of this study have a negative and significant effect on the size of the household.

Abundance of natural resources is one of the important characteristics of oil countrie  

   Poverty is one of the most important economic variables that affects all economic and social issues of the society and is the main factor for growth and development in the economy. This study uses the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces over 2009-2019 to estimate the poverty rate using the Fixed Angle Inverse approach and then examines the relationship between labor productivity and poverty. The results of the estimates show that the poverty ratio has increased from 15.6% in 2009 to 23.4% in 2019. At the provincial level, the percentage of people below the poverty line in Sistan and Baluchistan province is the highest at 49% and in Tehran province at the lowest at 6.4%. Labor productivity in 2009 based on gross domestic product at the base price of 2011 was equal to 0.24 billion rials per employed person, and it changed to 0.336 in 2019 in a fluctuating trend. The estimation results show that there is bidirectional causality from poverty to productivity. Also, poverty has a negative and significant effect on labor productivity. But at the provincial level, it has been confirmed only in the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Fars, Razavi Khorasan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Zanjan, North Khorasan and Alborz. However, there is some kind of causality from labor productivity to poverty at the country level for all provinces, but the negative effect of productivity on poverty has been confirmed only in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Yazd. Therefore, improving the quality of education and health in order to increase the ability of the workforce and increase productivity, increasing the share of activities with high added value, focusing on creating economic stability and reducing the efficiency of markets without added value in order to develop activities with high added value are the most important policies proposed to reduce poverty and increasing productivity in Iran's economy.

Today, with the development of economic and social life, human needs and requirements have diversified. Industrial production and the evolution and growth of the industry can meet the needs and expectations of man and make his life comfortable and comfortable. One of the main factors of growth and development in the international arena is industrial production. Several factors affect the value of industrial production, including the impact of investment, technology, and changes in energy prices. Energy as the driving force of most economic activities has a special place in development. The accelerating trend of economic and industrial development in the countries of the world is largely related to the level of energy consumption. Oil, as a form of energy, is an essential raw material for industrial production. The price of petroleum products is so important in industrial production that production costs are directly affected by the price of oil. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of crude oil prices on the index of industrial production in Iran and the European Union. For this purpose, quarterly data for the period 2003:2 to 2020:3 for Iran and monthly data for January 1991 to March 2021 for EU countries have been used using wavelet-based quantile regression. According to the results of the present study, the effect of OPEC oil price on Iran's industrial production index is positive and significant in all quantiles except the second quantile, which has a negative and significant effect on Iran's industrial production index. Similarly, the effect of Brent oil prices on the EU industrial production index is positive and significant in all quantiles. According to the results of this study, in estimating the model using the quantile regression method based on wavelet transform, the effect of OPEC oil price on Iran's industrial production index is positive and significant in the first, second, and sixth components. Also, the effect of Brent oil price on the EU industrial production index using quantile estimation based on wavelet transform, indicates a positive and significant effect of Brent oil price on the EU industrial production index in the first to sixth components, in all quantiles. Keywords: Crude Oil Prices, Industrial Production, A Wavelet-Based Quantile Regression   

      AbstractGovernments apply monetary andfinancial policy during different periods based on the existing economicconditions. Therefore, according to the adopted monetary instruments, theeffectiveness of monetary policies is different. The important point is theimpact of monetary policies on other components of the economy. In the currentresearch, the relationship and impact of monetary policies on the exchange ratein Iranian economy during the years 1978 to 2021 based on time series data,using Eviews software and using cointiqrate techniques in econometrics,especially its dynamic auto regressive distributed the lag   model (ARDL) with distributionalinterruptions and error correction model are studied and investigated. Theresults of the regression model showed that the variables of interest rate,inflation rate, gross domestic product and the volume of money in circulationhad a significant effect on the exchange rate in Iran and were able to predictthe exchange rate during the period of time in Iran. These variables or eachother have been able to predict 95% of the variance of the exchange rate inIran. The long-term relationship estimation test also showed that allindependent variables had a significant effect on exchange rate fluctuations inIran.Keywords: Monetary Policies, Exchange Rate, Auto RegressiveDistributed The Lag (ARDL), Erorr Correction Model.

Monetary policies can cause wide fluctuations in economic variables. Sometimes these fluctuations can cause many problems, so that returning to the first point leaves destructive effects or at least requires a longer period of time. The evidence shows that there is a close relationship between the fluctuations of the total stock index and changes in monetary policies. As one of the main components of the financial market, stock market fluctuations are very important in the economy of countries, and therefore it is important to choose policies that cause less volatility. The monetary base, as a part of the overall liquidity, It is among the economic factors that influence the capital market. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of the impact of monetary base shocks on the stock market. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of monetary base shocks on the stock price index in Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has investigated this issue by using the time series data of Iran's economy during the period 1370 to 1399 and by using econometric techniques and with the help of Eviews software. To investigate the effects of monetary base shocks, in the first stage, positive and negative monetary base shocks were extracted by following Taylor's law and defining a simple model and estimated using the ordinary least squares method. In the next step, the generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to investigate the effect of variables on stock prices. The estimation results show that the effects of positive and negative monetary base shocks on stock prices are asymmetric, so that positive and negative monetary base shocks affect the total stock price index differently and the impact of negative shocks is greater than the impact of positive shocks.   

Identifying and Analysis of the factors affecting Acceptance of Business Intelligence in Kermanshah Hospital  

  Investors are always looking for investments with higher returns and lower risk. Stock returns are affected by market returns and specific factors of each company. Based on previous studies on the tehran stock exchange, this market is not very efficient. As a result, stock prices are not immediately affected by news and information; therefore, people get unusual returns by having more information and analyzing information. In such markets, people always follow people with specific information. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that the quality of disclosure reduces information asymmetry; therefore, in the present study, the effect of management short-sightedness and disclosure quality as two specific factors of each company on the synchronization of stock returns has been investigated. For this purpose, the data of 82 companies listed on the tehran stock exchange during the period 2016-2020 have been used as a research sample. The present study in terms of purpose-based classification is a type of applied research whose results can be used to inform policy makers to improve performance. In terms of classification, the present study is a retrospective description in terms of data collection. This research is also a descriptive (quasi-experimental) research on classification and test method of hypotheses, statistical analysis and analysis of causal analysis. On the other hand, to test the hypotheses, two regression models using gmm method and to analyze the data, eviews software version 19 and sata software version 5 were used. The results of the test analysis of the hypotheses of the present study have shown that the quality of disclosure has a significant and negative effect on the concurrence of stock returns. This result is in line with the results of kurdistan et al. (2019); lotfi et al (2018) and moradi et al (2021) are similar. While other findings of the study show that management short-sightedness does not have a significant effect on the synchronization of stock returns. This result is consistent with the results of khademinia et al (2015) and moradi et al (2015).

  Improving the quality of the environment is one of the most important goals for improving well-being and reducing the negative side effects of economic growth. Economic growth has caused an increase in the emission of pollutants due to two inevitable and inefficient effects. In order to reduce the inefficient effect, the present study is based on using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2018-2019 and applying the econometric approach of panel data to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions. The results of the estimates show that energy intensity and GDP have increased carbon dioxide emissions, but the square of GDP has decreased carbon dioxide emissions, thus confirming Kuznets' environmental hypothesis. Finally, financial development has had a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions, and it indicates the importance of financial development as one of the most important factors in reducing the ineffective share of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, directing credits towards innovative and technological sectors in the field of energy consumption, improving urban structures to take advantage of scale effects, increasing and improving production technology are the most important proposed policies to reduce pollutant emissions. Keywords: environmental degradation, financial development, panel data approach.

  In today's world, when it comes to economic problems, the lack of physical capital is often cited as one of its biggest problems, and there is no mention of social capital. At the same time, the need for social capital is felt more than any other capital in the face of recession or inflation, which requires confidence-building. Accordingly, the present study has estimated the role of social capital in supporting national production during the years 1370 to 1399 using the ARDL approach. In this regard, the results have shown that in the short and long term, social capital has a positive and significant effect on the share of the industrial production sector in gross national income

  Ensuring social justice and eliminatingpoverty and deprivation by creating a balance in the distribution of income andwealth among members of society is considered and emphasized in theconstitution. In the meantime, it is important to explain the relationship between moneylaundering and income distribution with economic growth. Therefore, in thisstudy, the relationship between money laundering and income distribution witheconomic growth in Iran has been investigated. In this regard, data from moneylaundering (drug discoveries), Gini coefficient as an indicator of incomedistribution and economic growth during the period 1986-2019, which was obtainedfrom the Central Bank and Statistics Center of Iran, to use the model toestimate Has been, In order to estimate the model in the presentstudy, ARDL method was used. The results of short-term estimates indicate apositive and significant relationship between the control variables of exportsof goods and services, capital and economic growth, also between the variablesof money laundering (drug discovery) and income distribution with economicgrowth, but statistically significant It does not have. According to the results of long-term model estimation, there is asignificant negative relationship between independent variables, moneylaundering and income distribution with long-term economic growth, so that witha one percent increase in money laundering and income distribution inequality,economic growth by respectively -2/504 and -6/977 are reduced. On the other hand, the findings indicate that there is a positiveand significant relationship between other independent variables (exports ofgoods and services and capital) with the dependent variable of economic growth,so that a one percent increase in capital and exports of goods and services,respectively. There is an increase of 4.283 and 13.945 percent in economicgrowth.

   Investigating the Functional Effect of Local Government on Employment and Investment (Case Study: Kermanshah Provincial Planning and Development Council)    Abstract The Planning and Development Council of the province is the highest decision-making and supervisory body in the dimensions of economic and social development, which should be in order to coordinate and monitor the management and development of comprehensive and sustainable investment in the province, pursue territorial justice, strengthen decentralization, increase the province's authority. And strengthen the role and position of the provinces in leading and managing endogenous and extroverted regional development and achieving the goals of the resistance economy, etc. The importance and position of the council in the development of the province as the engine of development is clear to all managers and experts; Therefore, the meetings and approvals of the council should be in such a way that it pursues the development goals of the province, and specialized working groups, as the powerful arms of the council, should perform their role well in the form of the tasks specified in the executive regulations. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the functional effect of local government on employment and investment (case study: Kermanshah Planning and Development Council). The data used in this research are two parts. The first part includes reviewing the approvals of the meetings of the council and the economic, employment and investment working group under the council during the years 2016-2017, and the second part contains a questionnaire (researcher-made) of experts, experts and managers (council and working group). Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between local government and employment and investment. In other words, the council can create employment, improve the investment and business environment and vice versa. The results extracted from the perspective of experts and managers who are members of the council and the working group show that the local government has not been able to function effectively in the field of employment and investment. Therefore, it is necessary for local government decision-makers to emphasize the observance of the provisions of the executive regulations of the council without compromising, holding, managing and taking more responsibility within the powers of meeting members, synergy and participation of all members in order to achieve the goals of the legislature to solve problems. Provide employment and investment. As well as alignment with local government sub-groups (including Economic, Employment and Investment Working Group) to make decisions within the framework of upstream laws and regulations and in accordance with the provisions of the Executive Regulations of the Provincial Planning and Development Council in accordance with the duties and powers of the Economic Working Group. Employ employment and investment. In this regard, activating the supervisory role of the State Budget and Planning Organization on the activities of the council and working groups in order to implement the approvals of these institutions with upstream documents and provide feedback to optimize the actions and approvals of local government is necessary. Keywords: Local Government (Provincial Planning and Development Council - Economic, Employment and Investment Working Group), Institution, Planning, Decision Making, Decision Making, Supervision, Kermanshah Province

   Today, the ecotourism industry has become one of the important sources of income for the villagers. IT, as an empowerment and integrator of the value network in the ecotourism industry, can play a significant role in the development of this industry and in addition to increasing local employment, increasing the income of local people and capabilities of rural areas. This study aims to provide a model for the developing ecotourism industry in Iran with an emphasis on IT. This research is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis and Delphi methods. In the content analysis method, the indicators of the initial model have been extracted and this model has been completed and tested by the Delphi method. The statistical population in the content analysis method included all texts related to the research topic and in the Delphi method were experts and university professors specializing in e-tourism and e-tourism industry which 30 experts cooperated until the end of the third round. Sampling method was done in content analysis method using counting and in Delphi method using snowball. Based on the findings of the first part of the research, 38 indicators have been identified, and in the second part, 24 indicators have been added to model, of which six of the identified indicators have not been agreed by experts. The research model includes 56 indicators, 34 components and 9 dimensions (including legal infrastructure, financial infrastructure, mobile commerce infrastructure, e-advertising management, content marketing, customer relationship management, e-HRM, local partnership and software infrastructure). In this research, an innovative model for the development of ecotourism industry is presented. Although many studies emphasize on tourist attraction, this model encompasses all three stages of tourist life cycle management, which include attracting, maintaining, and developing a relationship with the tourist. Also, the proposed model covers the four approaches existing in the theoretical foundations in the field of eco-tourism industry development, which include the four perceptual, behavioral, service and educational perspectives. The proposed model of this research has raised issues far beyond the aforementioned views. Attention to all the extracted indicators of this research model in all its dimensions is suggested as practical suggestions for the development of ecotourism industry.

   Justice and fair distribution of income have always been the concerns of policymakers in every country; Therefore, the study and analysis of the factors affecting it is of particular importance. The stock market and its impact on income inequality are among the most important of these factors; Therefore, in this study, the effect of the stock market on the Gini coefficient as an index of income inequality during the periods of 2019-1993 in a selection of developing countries and using quantitative panel regression is investigated. The results of model estimation show that with increasing investment in the stock market, the market turnover ratio increases and also the value of transactions increases. Due to the positive effect of the two on the Gini coefficient, inequality increases at first, but because the stock market is large. It becomes more and more pervasive, as a result of which the market value of the stock market increases relative to GDP, which has a positive relationship with the Gini coefficient, and different strata and more income groups turn to investing in the stock market. The results of this study indicate that first the income distribution inequality is increased and then over time this inequality decreases with the increase of people's income from investing in the stock market.

Abstract: Iran is a country with rich oil and gas reserves. Existence of different conditions in the provinces of the country in terms of income and geography and implementation of the same energy policies for all provinces does not lead to good results and in some provinces causes energy waste.   In this study, we tried to find the correlation and causal relationship between energy consumption (kerosene, gasoline, gas oil, furnace oil, electricity, natural gas and total energy) and GDP for Iran as a panel and provinces separately. Review.   Also, divisions based on average per capita income, average energy intensity and average temperature of provincial centers and five regions have been done for the provinces of Iran, and for each of these divisions there is a correlation and causal relationship to The face is examined separately. The results of correlation analysis show that the correlation pattern between energy consumption and GDP is different in different classifications, for different energy carriers and at different time scales. In examining the causal results of Dummietser and Herlin in the short term, the results are different, but for the medium and long term, in most cases, there is a bilateral causal relationship. Examining this relationship will help to formulate the policies of the country's energy sector. In this study, the data of all provinces of the country in 25 provinces during 30 years (1367-1397) have been studied

   Abstract Despite the emergence of electronic banking technologies in the country's banking system and the benefits of its usage, the acceptance of this type of technology by customers has suffered from some kind of backwardness and has not grown as expected. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the factors that determine the motivation for accepting Internet banking. The data of this dissertation is related to the status of customers' use and motivation of Internet banking services. The collected information was done by distributing a questionnaire from 1397 to 1400 in Kermanshah. Also, the statistical population is customers between 20-49 years of banks in the city of Kermanshah. The method of sampling was simple random in banks and was a questionnaire. According to the research findings, the social characteristics of websites, online services, and average internet-device access positively affect trust. These factors make up 32% of the variance of Internet banking trust. The social characteristics of websites, compatibility with lifestyle, online services, average internet/device access, and trust, positively affect the ease of use and account for 48% of the variance of ease of using internet banking. The social characteristics of websites, online services, and average Internet/device access positively affect lifestyle adaptation, accounting for 58% of the variance of Internet banking lifestyle adaptation. The social characteristics of websites and online services positively affect the average Internet access/device, and these factors constitute 35% of the average Internet access / Internet banking device.

Abstract    Since the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the adoption of flexible exchange rates, exchange rate volatility has become a central issue and concern for various groups of agents including policy makers, central banks, academics and individual investors among others. The increase in central bank tra  arency has been one of the main developments in central banking in the past few decades. This leads to the question of the effect of central bank tra  arency on the volatility of exchange rates. the most important inferred from the previous literature on the issue of central bank tra  arency is that the increase of information provision by the central banks in the form of communication of monetary policy will lead to an increase in the ability of people to understanding the objectives of the central bank and improve their forecasts from the monetary policy of the central bank, which will prevent changes in the central bank's policy stance from destabilizing financial markets, which this could requires existing an central bank independent. On the other hand, in oil exporting countries, oil revenues fluctuation lead to exchange rate volatility due to This implies that oil Revenues are an important variable in determining the strength of the currency and its volatility. Therefore, the present study attempt to use two approaches Fully modified least squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares with the help of statistical data for 1998-2015 and theoretical framework related to examining the effect of central bank tra  arency and oil revenues fluctuation on exchange rate volatility in Selected OPEC Member Countries. Results the both approaches shown that central bank tra  arency and central bank independence can influences on exchange rate volatility and has a significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility. on the other hand , the oil revenues fluctuation has a significant positve relationship to exchange rate volatility whereas gdp growth has significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility.   

   Monetary policy includes the policies that central banks pursue to increase employment and regulate inflation, which can be a change in the amount of money, an interpretation of interest rates, or a change in the terms of bank lending.   Monetary Sit consists of two types of bonds and contractions, in which the central bank to increase aggregate demand and thus increase employment, increases the amount of money through measures such as buying government bonds.   This policy can be useful when the economy has vacant capacities and is recovering from a recession. Loss money is used when Mercer Bank recognizes that inflationary pressures are too high, so to reduce inflation.   , The central bank sells bonds to individuals or makes the conditions for granting bank facilities more difficult to reduce the amount of liquidity in society and reduce inflation.   In this study, in order to investigate the effectiveness of monetary policy in the Iranian economy with the asymmetric approach of sensory data, different soft goals such as examining the effect with the monetary baht contemporaneous on real GDP and examining the asymmetric effect of monetary inflation on the whole of 1981 to 2009.   It has been calculated that different results have been obtained according to the opposite sale.   Whether a monetary bot is useful or not is as controversial as any economics scandal.   The results showed that by using the appropriate monetary policy in the Iranian economy, the rate of inflation and real GDP can be controlled.   Liquidity control is a means to an end to corruption.   So Mansour The volume of liquidity is considered in such a way as to support the growth of domestic production within the limits of production capacity to prevent inflation. Boli officials use monetary policies to control the growth of liquidity. Therefore, curbing inflation through Shah Begi emphasizes and helps to produce prosperity. As a result, once liquidity is generated, you have to direct that amount of liquidity to production.

  Reports and financial statements are the most important components of the management system; However, with the growing information needs of financial reporting preparers and business units, it seems that the presentation of financial statements in a traditional way can not meet the needs of users. In this regard, a new topic called integrated financial reporting has been raised globally. The purpose of integrated financial reporting is to provide quality, comprehensive and concise information to stakeholders and users of financial statements. There are eleven components to an integrated financial report that include "reporting and identifying innovative practices, targeted investments, rewards and benefits, governance structure, risk management, reciprocity, balanced scorecard, compliance with legal and ethical standards, simplification of financial operations and reporting, and establishment." Communication with users and reporting the financial situation and stability of the company. In fact, integrated reporting is a learning curve for business units and participation in creating shared value between producers and users, and until this is achieved, integrated reporting will continue to be challenging and stakeholders will not be able to effectively evaluate performance. This study aims to compare the expectations of producers and users of integrated financial statements. The present study is a questionnaire that used Cronbach's alpha to ensure its reliability and the obtained number is 0.817. To determine the statistical sample size, Cochran's formula was used considering the size of the unknown population and 345 people were determined. Finally, 155 questionnaires from suppliers and 190 questionnaires from users were collected. Data were analyzed by    software using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent T-samples, Human-Whitney, Analysis of variance and Tukey and Friedman statistical tests. The results show that between the views of the two groups on the components of the results show that in relation to the components of reporting and identifying innovative methods, targeted investments, rewards and benefits, governance structure, risk management, interaction, balanced scorecard, compliance with legal standards and Ethical, communicating with users and reporting the financial situation and stability of financial services There was no significant difference between the expectations of suppliers and users, but there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of simplifying financial operations and reporting. Keywords: Traditional Financial Reporting, Integrated Financial Reporting, Preparers and Users of Reports, Expectations

   Today, due to the significant role of marketing in various aspects and the need to recognize it, studies in this field are very important. Political marketing is also an interdisciplinary scientific aspect in marketing, sociology, political science and communication sciences due to the current complex and transitional conditions, and studies that can determine its dimensions have already attracted the attention of experts and activists in this field. Due to the lack of a specific background based on inquiries from the Irandac system regarding the effect of political marketing on increasing the soft power component, in this study, political marketing tools and soft power tools were identified and their effects were studied. The effect of political marketing is to increase the soft power component of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, in this exploratory mixed research (qualitative and quantitative), first in the qualitative phase, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 experts, and with the help of content analysis, categories of both interviews and secondary data including books, internal and external articles, Archives of interviews of news agencies, websites and virtual network channels, including the channel of the Center for Political Marketing Studies affiliated with the Center for Growth of Imam Sadegh (AS) University, were identified. In the quantitative phase of the research, by preparing a researcher-made questionnaire and conducting an expert survey among 46 people from the statistical population, assuming (N = n), the categories were tested and the validity of the questionnaire was valid in two parts: validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha was calculated 0.895). done. Quantitative research results were obtained using   26 software based on Friedman test and the identified categories of qualitative phase were classified. These results showed that in order to attract tourists and foreign investors, the use of political marketing is necessary to increase soft power, and this component was ranked first. Accordingly, various types of diplomacy such as public, official, sports, cultural, communication, event, etc. diplomacy were considered as the most important international political marketing techniques and won first place. National self-confidence was the most important indicator of international political marketing, according to experts, which ranked first among other indicators. Incoherence of programs and strategies in the field of international political marketing was the first constraint on the use of international political marketing, and this constraint was recognized as the most important constraint among the existing constraints. The most effective foreign policy discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran in order to take advantage of international political marketing, the discourse of international detente was identified with realism and purpose. Regarding the current situation and position of the country, the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran was historically and culturally ranked first, but the country's position in terms of export products was ranked eighth among the questions related to the current position, which indicates that in This is a weakness. Therefore, in the suggestions section, separately and for each question, based on the ranks obtained through Friedman test, practical and research explanations are included.

امروزه مخاطرات زيست محيطي ناشي از سوخت­هاي فسيلي و همچنيندستيابي به منابع انرژي لازم و كافي براي توسعه به يكي از مهم­ترين دغدغه­­هايكشورها و دولت­مردان تبديل شده است؛ تا جايي­كه هر تحولي در حوزه انرژي تاثيراتبسزايي بر مناسبات بين­المللي مي­گذارد. در اين پژوهش، با تاكيد بر اثر شدتانرژي به­عنوان معيار كارايي انرژي به بررسي ارتباط بين رشد اقتصادي و مصرف انرژي دركشورهاي اوپك در فاصله زماني 2014-1980 پرداخته مي­شود. اين تحقيق با هدف بررسي اينكهآيا تأثير رشد اقتصادي بر مصرف انرژي با توجه به ميزان شدت انرژي متفاوت است يا خير،انجام شده است. اين مطالعه در ابتدا به بررسي رابطه علّي ميان رشد اقتصادي و مصرفانرژي مي­پردازد؛ نتايج وجود يك رابطه علّي يك­طرفه از رشد اقتصادي به مصرف انرژيرا در كشورهاي اوپك نشان مي­دهد. سپس با استفاده از يك مدل رگرسيون پانل آستانه­ايپويا، نقش و تأثير شدت انرژي بر رابطه بين مصرف انرژي و رشد اقتصادي كشورهاي عضواوپك بررسي مي­شود. مطابق با برآورد مدل رگرسيون پانل آستانه­اي پويا، سطح آستانه­ايشدت انرژي 27/7 برآورد شده است. در سطوح بالاتر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثير مثبتو معني­داري برمصرف انرژي دارد. با اين حال ، در سطوح پايين­تر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثيرمثبت و بي­معنايي بر مصرف انرژي داشته است. بدون در نظرگرفتن متغيرهاي كنترل، سطح آستانه­ايشدت انرژي 6/9 برآورد شده است.در سطوح بالاتر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثير مثبت و معني­دارو در سطوح پايين­تر از سطح آستانه­اي، رشد اقتصادي تاثير منفي و بي­معني بر مصرفانرژي دارد.نتايج اين پژوهش براي سياست­گذاران انرژي و محيط زيست قابل توجه و اهميت است.

      Oil, as one of the exportable natural resources, has given the government high foreign exchange power, which it uses in regulating the country's budget. The relationship between oil shocks and economic parameters has been documented in economic research and points to the important role of foreign exchange earnings from oil in the Iranian economy. In this thesis, for the first time, the relationship between oil shock with exchange rate and bank interest is investigated and in two economic models, Markov switching statistical analysis is performed. The studied period is from 1981 to 2016 for 36 years based on central bank data. In the Markov switching model, two regimes are defined based on the error squares and other parameters influencing the model determination. After performing statistical preconditions such as maneuvering and autocorrelation, Markov switching model was implemented which has a probability value less than 0.05 (significant level) of relationship between two models, including the relationship between oil price and bank interest; It proves the price of oil and the exchange rate in a negative and significant way. Diets are designed to study during the recession and then the boom. There is a time lag in influencing crude oil price fluctuations, and this delay is more pronounced in the impact on bank interest. Concurrent research has also confirmed the existence of such a relationship and can be demonstrated by eliminating the oil price intermediary variable to establish a positive and significant relationship between the exchange rate and bank interest rates. The end result is that as oil prices rise, exchange rates and bank interest rates fall, and vice versa.      

   Abstract As the economic development engine, the concept of knowledge has become crucially important recently. Owing to dependency on knowledge, this emerging economical structure is generally defined as the "knowledge-based economy". Achievements of the new economy are a more complete realization of the importance of knowledge in all economical such as environmental features. The knowledge-based economy is an economy in which trade, distribution, production and application of knowledge are the pioneers and main drivers of economic growth, wealth creation, job creation and eventually achieve sustainable economic development. In this study, using panel data in the form of the Eviews8 econometric software by means of the nylon data method and with the aim of examining capacities of the knowledge-based economy to achieve the sustainable development through reducing pollution caused by carbon dioxide, two groups of selected developed countries (Western Europe), members of the OECD and chosen developing countries during the years 2018-2000 are compared. The results of this research displayed the influence of explanatory variables on the variable CO1 so that in developing countries the variables such as research and development of the gross domestic product (GDP) and primary education have negative and adverse effects on carbon dioxide emissions, but technology also has positive effects on carbon dioxide emission. For developed countries, the results revealed that the variables of technology, GDP, primary education have negative and reverse effects on carbon dioxide emission, but the research and development variable does not have a significant impact on CO2 emission Keywords: Knowledge-based economy, sustainable development, greenhouse gases

سرمايه يك عامل كليدي در رشد وتوسعه اقتصادي محسوب مي شود اما امروزه فرار سرمايه يكي از مشكلات اساسي كشورهاي در حال توسعه است. فرار سرمايه مي تواند ناشي از عوامل مختلفي مانند اقتصادي،سياسي و اجتماعي باشد در پژوهش حاضر به بررسي عوامل اقتصادي تاثير گذار بر فرار سرمايه با استفاده از داده هاي سالانه طي بازه 1358تا1395 پرداخته مي شود در سال هاي مورد بررسي سال 1390 داراي بيشترين ميزان فرار سرمايه از كشور است در اين پژوهش به بررسي عوامل اقتصادي نظير نرخ ارز، تورم، رشد اقتصادي، ماليات، ريسك مركب و كسري بودجه بر ميزان فرار سرمايه پرداخته مي شود. مدل اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش  GMM , ARDL برآورد مي شود. نتايج اين پژوهش طبق روش GMM نشان مي دهد كه رشد اقتصادي، كسري بودجه، تورم و نرخ ارز تاثيري مثبت، ريسك مركب تاثيري منفي ، نرخ بهره و ماليات فاقد اثر معنا داري بر فرار سرمايه است. طبق روش ARDL در بلندمدت اثر متغيرهاي رشد اقتصادي، كسري بودجه دولت، ريسك مركب، تورم و نرخ ارز همانند روش GMM است . اما اثر ماليات و نرخ بهره بر فرار سرمايه در بلند مدت مشخص نيست. در كوتاه مدت تنها سه عامل رشد اقتصادي، كسري بودجه و ريسك اقتصادي اثري معناداري بر فرار سرمايه دارند در بين همه عوامل ذكر شده رشد اقتصادي بيشترين تاثير بر فرار سرمايه را دارد.

   چكيده در اكثر كشورهاي جهان دولت ها به منظور تعيين جهت گيري هاي اقتصادي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي همچون از ميان بردن فقر و نابرابري و رشد اقتصادي و پيشبرد اهداف توسعه اي خود اقدام به اتخاذ سياست هاي خاص و استفاده از ابزارهاي حمايتي مي كنند.كشور ايران نيز بعنوان كشوري در حال توسعه همواره براي پيشرفت در مسير توسعه به يك سيستم حمايتي نياز خواهد داشت. يكي از اين ابزارها و سياست هاي حمايتي كه در جهت بهبود وضعيت معيشتي و رفاهي اقشار نيازمند از آن بهره گرفته مي شود؛ پرداخت يارانه ها مي باشد. يارانه به عنوان يك ابزار حمايتي نقشي مؤثر در   بهبود توزيع درآمد دارد و مي تواند با كمك به   بهبود شرايط اقتصادي موجب رضايت واعتماد عمومي افراد جامعه نسبت به نظام حكومتي گردد و از اين حيث بر ميزان سرمايه اجتماعي تأثير مثبتي داشته باشند. سرمايه اجتماعي سنگ بناي جامعه مرفه و دولت كارآمد است   و در سايه حفظ تقويت و انباشت اين منبع ارزشمند است كه جامعه مي تواند از دستاوردهاي توسعه و حكمراني خوب بهره مند شود. به اين جهت دولت همواره موظف است كه محيط اجتماعي اعتمادآوري را فراهم آورد كه در سايه آن احساس اعتماد- امنيت و رضايت را در جامعه معنا دار سازد. بنابراين شناخت و بررسي تأثير اقدامات و سياست هاي دولت بر سرمايه اجتماعي از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار است كه در اين پايان نامه به آن پرداخته خواهد شد. بدين ترتيب در اين پايان نامه سعي شده است با استفاده از داده هاي سري زماني براي دوره (1396- 1375) و بر اساس روش خود رگرسيون با وقفه توزيعي(ARDL) تأثير متغيرهاي سياست هاي حمايتي دولت، ضريب جيني، درآمد ملي سرانه و نرخ تورم بر روي سرمايه اجتماعي بررسي و ارزيابي شود. نتايج حاصل از تخمين مدل حاكي از آن است كه در بلند مدت متغيرهاي حمايت دولت در بخش بهداشت و پرداخت يارانه ها با متغير سرمايه اجتماعي رابطه مثبت و معناداري دارند و متغير حمايت دولت در بخش مسكن نيز رابطه مثبتي با متغيرسرمايه اجتماعي دارد كه از لحاظ آماري معني دار نيست. همچنين متغير حمايت دولت در بخش بهزيستي تأمين اجتماعي رابطه منفي با متغير سرمايه اجتماعي دارد كه از لحاظ آماري معني دار نيست. متغير حمايت دولت در بخش آموزش نيز رابطه منفي اما معني داري با سرمايه اجتماعي دارد. همچنين نتايج حاصل از برآورد مدل بيانگر آن است كه متغير درآمد ملي سرانه و ضريب جيني رابطه منفي و معني داري با متغيرسرمايه اجتماعي دارند و متغير نرخ تورم نيز رابطه منفي و از نظرآماري بدون معني با سرمايه اجتماعي دارد. ضريب تصحيح خطا (ECM) نيز براي مدل 83/0-   است كه نشان مي دهدكه در صورت بروز يك شوك اقتصادي در دوره فعلي83/0از عدم تعادل هاي دوره گذشته تعديل خواهد شد. كليدواژه: سياست حمايتي، يارانه، سرمايه جتماعي

   وجود تقاضاي گسترده براي تحصيل در جامعه ايران، به عرضه وسيع و بدون قاعده و برنامه­ريزي آموزش­هاي دانشگاهي منجر شده است. آمارها نشان مي­دهد كه ميليون­ها جوان در مراكز آموزش­هاي عالي مشغول به تحصيلند و آموزش­هايي مي­بينند كه لزوما متناسب با مشاغل موجود براي آنان نمي­باشد. به عبارت ديگر يكي از مسائل اجتماعي جامعه ايران ناهمخواني بين تحصيل و شغل است.

   يكي از شاخص‌هاي مهم براي ارزيابي مصرف انرژي، شاخص شدت انرژي است. بنابراين بررسي شدت انرژي و عوامل مؤثر بر آن و شناسايي راه‌هاي كاهش شدت انرژي، داراي اهميت است. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي تاثير سرريزهاي سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي بر همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان هاي كشور ايران طي دوره 1389 تا 1394 است. به منظور بررسي وجود   همبستگي فضايي   از آزمون هاي LMو Moran I استفاده شده است. شواهد براي مطالعه حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه اثرات وابستگي فضايي شدت انرژي بين استان‌هاي ايران وجود دارد و همچنين نوعي همگرايي مطلق و شرطي شدت انرژي با سرعت تعديل نسبتا پايين بين استان‌هاي كشور وجود دارد. به اين صورت كه سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در يك استان خاص، سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه را تحت تاثير قرار خواهد داد و كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه باعث كاهش شدت انرژي در استان خاص مي‌شود. همچنين با افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي ميزان شدت انرژي كاهش مي يابد   و افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در يك استان خاص باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي و اثر سرريز آن به صورت بالقوه باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي كشور مي‌شود. اين نتايج لزوم توجه بيشتر به جذب تكنولوژي هاي جديد توليد در سرمايه گذاري ها   را بيان مي كند.   

از آنجا كه بيشترين ميزان مصرف آب در دنيا و در استان كرمانشاه در بخش كشاورزي صورت مي گيرد. در اين پايان نامه از منظر اقتصاد دانش بنيان به بررسي ميزان مصرف در بخش كشاورزي استان كرمانشاه پرداخته شد. بدين منظور در ابتدا از طريق روش تحليل سلسله مراتبي به اثبات وجود تنش آب در استان كرمانشاه پرداختيم. سپس از طريق روش دلفي به دنبال يافتن راه حل هايي براي اصلاح الگوي مصرف در استان هستيم.

   اين پايان‌نامه از منظر اقتصاد آب و اقتصاد محيط زيست، به بررسي پايداري منابع آب در استان كرمانشاه در چارچوب اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان مي‌پردازد. فاكتور مهم در اين ميان در دسترس بودن و كيفيت آب براي توسعه اقتصادي‌ـ اجتماعي است. به عبارتي بهتر در مبحث مديريت منابع آب سعي بر آن است تا راهكارهاي علمي براي بهبود بهره­وري آب و تعادل مؤلفه‌هاي آن در قالب چرخه هيدرولوژي و بعد مكاني آن ارائه گردد. هدف اين مطالعه اين است كه پايداري منابع آب زيرزميني با توجه به تحولات دانش محيطي، اقتصادي و سياسي را به منظور استفاد? پايدار از منابع آب زيرزميني بررسي كند. در اين پژوهش بررسي پايداري آب زيرزيرزميني در يك حوضه آبرفتي در استان كرمانشاه با استفاده از 8 انديس مختلف اجتماعي، اقتصادي و طبيعي بررسي شده است. 3 عامل طبيعي از روش پيشنهادي يونسكو 2007 انتخاب و 5 عامل بسته به شرايط منطقه مورد بررسي پيشنهاد شده و به‌كار رفته‌اند. اين انديس‌ها عبارتند از: استخراج آب زيرزميني/تغذيه آب زيرزميني، كيفيت آب زيرزميني، آسيب‌پذيري آب زيرزميني، قوانين بخش آب، ظرفيت نهادي، مشاركت عمومي، توليد دانش و ترويج مديريت مصرف آب، بهره‌وري آب هستند، كه براي استفاده از اين 8 عامل در تحليل پايداري آب زيرزميني منطقه از دو روش پرسشنامه‌اي و تحليل سلسله مراتبي استفاده گرديد. تحليل پرسشنامه‌اي با دو دور(6 پرسش اصلي در دور اول   و 147 پرسش در دور دوم) انجام گرفت. نتايج امتيازدهي به پاسخ‌هاي كارشناسان با استفاده از روش دلفي نشان داد كه منطقه از نظر آب زيرزميني ناپايدار است. در اين روش از يك رده بندي 5 كلاسه با رده 1 (ناپايدارترين حالت) تا 5 (پايدارترين حالت) استفاده گرديد كه در مجموع منطقه مورد بررسي با امتياز 1.53 در حالت ناپايدار قرار دارد. در تحليل سلسله مراتبي نيز 8 عامل مورد بررسي به شكل نقشه هاي موضوعي مكاني در آمده و نهايتاً با همپوشاني آن‌ها انديس پايداري آب زيرزميني به دست آمد. براي اين كار انديس نهايي با روش كلاسه‌بندي نچرال بريك به 4 دسته تقسيم گرديد. بعد از نرمال كردن اين رده‌ها به چهار دسته عبارتند از: 0 تا 10 درصد از مناطق پايدار، بيش از 10 تا 25 درصد از مناطق نزديك به آستانه پايداري، بيش از 25 تا 50 درصد از مناطق ناپايدار و مناطق بالاي50 درصد بسيار ناپايدار يا بحراني بودند. نتايج اين روش نيز نشان داد بيشتر منطقه تحت بررسي در زون ناپايدار قرار دارد. علاوه بر اين اعتبارسنجي نتايج بررسي با افت سطح آب زيرزميني حاكي از اين واقعيت است كه منطقه از نظر پايداري آب زيرزميني در وضعيت مطلوبي نبوده و 92 درصد منطقه بيش از 1 متر افت سطح آب داشته و 62 درصد آن افتي بيش از 10 متر داشته است. بيلان منفي آبخوان نتايج به دست آمده را تأييد مي‌كند. نتايج اين بررسي نشان داد كه با استفاده از انديس‌هاي مختلف و مرتبط با شرايط محيطي و داده‌هاي قابل دسترس و درست مي‌تواند وضعيت كلي از شرايط پايداري آب زيرزميني را تهيه و از آن براي تصميم‌گيري‌هاي مديريتي و برنامه‌ريزي‌هاي آينده استفاده نمود.    كليد واژه‌ها: پايداري، توسع? پايدار، اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان      

The present study has been done to investigate the Effectiveness of Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on loneliness of Women Headed Households Covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. Method: Research type was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design with control group. Population of this study was all Women Headed Households Covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Kermanshah year 2019. 30 man were selected through available sampling method and assigned in 2 groups (experimental and control) randomly which had a sample drop of 6. The experimental group received 8 training sessions for Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The research instrument include loneliness questionnaire Russell, Pilawa and Cortino (1980) and psychological capital questionnaire Luthans (2007). The gathered data were analyzed through ANCOVA. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of loneliness. Conclusion: Based on the results it can be said that The of Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychological capital and loneliness Women Headed Households Covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation is effective.

The role of Knowledge-based Economy in controlling inflation and improving productivity in Iran

  One of the economic realities for each country is the existence of business cycles in GDP, as the fluctuation in the economy decreases, confidence toward future will increase, and the number of policy changes will decrease. Allocation of credits to different economic sectors is one of the factors influencing changes in real variables in the economy; the study examine the effect of credit on business cycle by using the data in macro-level over 1991-2015 and applying the vector autoregressive and ARDL bound. Evidence suggests that changes in business cycle is in same direction with credit, as well as the results of Granger causality, suggesting there is a two-way relationship between the credits and the business cycle. Also, the result of ARDL bound indicate that credits exacerbate the business cycle in the economy, analysis of variance analysis also shows that the share of credits in explaining the variation of business cycle is 45 percent. But the share of business cycle in explaining the variance of the forecast credit error is 25%. reducing volatility in the markets without value added such as the foreign exchange market and the desirable direction of financial resources towards high-growth economic sectors is one of the optimal policies for the Iranian economy.    

  Employment and economic growth are among the key macroeconomic variables in which policymakers consider their changes in order to achieve stability and economic development. Undoubtedly, the relationship between these two variables and how they affect them has a great influence on planning, policy making and coherent and efficient policies. Therefore, the relationship between economic growth and employment is of great importance.   The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic growth on employment of the major economic sectors of the countrys provinces. The timeframe used in this thesis is from 1380 to 1393. Generalized Torque (GMM) method was used for data analysis. The results of model estimation indicate that during the studied period, the effect of economic growth on the long-term effects of economic growth on employment of all three major economic sectors of the countrys provinces (agriculture, industry, services) has been positive. That is, increasing the value added will lead to increased employment of the major economic sectors of the countrys provinces. The investment variable in two parts of the agricultural and industrial sectors of the provinces has a positive effect and in the service sector there is a negative impact on employment. Also, the wage variable in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors has a negative effect on the service sector and has a positive effect on employment in the provinces. The results of the division of the provinces showed that the increase of the value added of the industrial sector in all three groups of provinces increased the employment of this sector than the other two.

In this study, we try to investigate the effects of oil and currency price shocks on housing price changes using seasonal data over a 16-year period from 1377 to 1392. For this purpose, the statistical community consists of data on housing prices, OPEC crude oil prices in dollars and, the dollar exchange rate against the Rial as a representative of the foreign exchange market and, the SVAR model is also used to estimate and validate the data which is able to investigate the shocks of different markets And, unlike the VAR method, applying the limitations based on theoretical and economic principles the model is closer to the real world. In this study, we used a generalized Dickey-Fuller method to examine the variance of the desired variables. After assuring the reliability of the model variables, Johansen method has been used to estimate and find the existence or non-existence of a long-run relationship. In the final stage and after determining the limitations of the model, the model is estimated by the SVAR method.Research findings show that oil price impacts in the long run have a positive effect on housing, and this effect is negative in the medium term. But impulse and exchange rate shocks meanwhile have a positive and significant effect on the mortality rate that, in the long run, has had a negative effect on housing prices. The remarkable point is that housing prices will be restored in the event of a shock in the oil and currency rate after 9 periods, and in the absence of further impacts. Other results are that the most important predictor of the price of housing among the variables studied is currency movement  

     Every economic activity requires energy consumption. Despite the fact that energy is considered as one of the factors of production and stimulus of economic growth, on the other hand it causes the emission of environmental pollutants. Iran is one of the examples of the growth pattern of natural resources, especially fossil fuels. Considering the end of the oil and gas resources of the country, from now on, there should be alternative sources of thought. One way of doing this is to using renewable energies instead of fossil fuels. The development and expansion of renewable energies contributes to the achievement of the countrys economic, social and environmental development goals and is one of the key factors in achieving sustainable development in any country. From the point of view of energy economy, it is logical to create diversification in energy sources and utilize a basket of different fuels. Also, production-related pollution is expected to decrease as well by increasing the use of renewable energy. In this research, the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iran during the period of   1981-2014   is investigated using ARDL bounds and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results of short-run estimation indicate a positive and significant relationship between capital, labor force and economic growth. There is a positive relationship between renewable energy per capita consumption and economic growth, but it is not statistically significant. In the estimation model, the coefficient of error correction sentence (ECT(t-1)) is 0.47, that is, In the current period, 0.47 is Modified for the imbalance of the previous period. According to the results of estimation of long-run model, there is a positive and significant relationship between model variables including economic growth and renewable energy consumption per capita. The results of the vector error correction model are used to investigate the causal relationship between the model variables. show that there is no causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in the long run, and there is only one-way relationship between labor force and economic growth. But in the short run, there is a One way relationship between economic growth and renewable energy use, as well as a One way relationship between labor force and economic growth, renewable energy consumption and capital. Investigating the short-run dynamics of the pattern using instantaneous response functions showed that the shock eventually vanishes and often affects the response variable positively. Therefore, in the long run, shocks from independent variables, such as renewable energy consumption per capita, will be balanced against economic growth.  

  The achievement of economic growth and development is among the demands and goals of all nations. Achieving economic growth requires the creation of certain mechanisms in the political, economic, cultural and social fields. Powerful financial markets are among these mechanisms in the economic arena; One of the most important factors influencing the development of financial markets and their efficiency is the diversification of financial instruments. Due to the international financial limitations which has bee   imposed on Iran i   the past and recent years and Lack of Resources domestic banks as the most important Limitations financing in Iranian industries, which is one of the Islamic bonds suitable alternatives to be considered for Riba- based bonds. These bonds to be released mainly to for finance the government, businesses and organizations to government the most   innovations in The field of discussio   Paid and Islamic finance has been acquired   in recent decades. One of the innovations that can be said to compete with other similar tools in the conventional financial system and the release of Islamic bonds is Called Sukuk . In recent years, many developed countries, Muslims and non-Muslims in the Islamic countries are interested in developing sukuk as the best option for financial productivity beyond conventional finance. This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the rate of issuance of sukuk paper   These economic variables include GDP, CPI, PPI, budget deficit, and other macroeconomic variables.   The impact of sukuk issuance on changes in the key variables of Irans economy in total is based on ARDL models; The ARDL method relates short-term fluctuations of variables to long-term equilibrium values. These models are in fact a kind of partial modification models that measure the long-term equilibrium with a long-term relationship, effective forces in the short run, and the speed of approaching the long-term equilibrium value. And the results show that the changes of macro variables listed in the short and long term have a significant effect on the changes in the issuance of sukuk papers.  

  Industry sector is one of the most important economic sectors through high level of backward and forward linkage has a significant role in reducing unemployment and increasing economic growth by increasing the productivity. Considering the importance of employment and productivity, the study investigates the effect of technology and knowledge on the employment rate and productivity by using the data of industrial manufactories with 10 more employees in the provinces level over )2004-2013(, and the application of panel data model. The results of the study show that knowledge and technology have a positive and significant effect on labor productivity in industrial manufactories. The effect of technology on employment is negative and significant, because technological improvement is considered as a substitute for labor for an almost constant level of industrial value added and therefore reduces employment. But the R&D expenditure does not have a significant effect on employment. Value added of industry is one of the most important factors affecting employment. Improving the quality of manufacturing sector products to attract foreign markets, improving the quality of research and development spending to create innovation in the industry, can improve the impact of knowledge and technology on employment and productivity

Nowadays, with development of information system and interaction among financial markets across the world, crisis and boom transition in different markets is growing with a significant speed and with regard to developing economies in country like Iran; contagion of crisis from global markets, slows down the development of the domestic economy. This study examines the contagion in financial markets of Iran and figure out, how the positive and negative shocks moves in different markets, and it tries to present guidelines for policy makers in order to improve domestic economy to avoid or control the entrance of shocks in national economic. The sample includes time series data of commodity prices on oil market, stock market of Tehran, foreign exchange market and gold market over a period of 8 years (Dec, 2008 –Dec, 2016) with weekly sampling rate. In order to achieve mentioned goals, we utilized a combination of Ornstein Uhlenbeck and Continuous Wavelet Transform. It finds out that the starting point of contagion in the financial markets of Iran is oil market and the speed of synchronization between stock market and oil market is more than other markets and then the foreign market and gold market are in the next places. In next step, it finds that the coherence of markets in short-run is powerfull between oil market and other markets, but this coherence in long-run is just between oil market and stock market and foreign exchange market, and after global oil sanction in 2012 against Iran, the coherrence between oil market and stock and foreign exchange markets is growed in middle-run.

  In this study, the effect of financial statements informativeness on the components of intellectual capital in Tehran Stock Exchange between 1389-1394 is examined. Ohlson’s model is used for measuring financial statements informativeness and Palic’s intellectual capital value added coefficient is used for measuring the components of intellectual capital. Statistical sample of this study includes 474 year-firm data that has been processed by Excel software and then analysed by Eviews, Sata, and Minitab softwares. Multivariable regression and panel data are used for analyzing the variables. The results of the study showed that financial statements informativeness doesn’t have a negative and significant effect on intellectual, structural, and communicational capital. Also, as expected, the firm’s growth had a positive and significant effect on intellectual capital components. Contrary to expectation, financial leverage had a negative and significant effect on intellectual capital components.

اقتصاد دانش محور مي­تواند بستر لازم براي جبران عقب­ماندگي­هاي تاريخي ايران را فراهم كند. براي دست­يابي به توسعه، تلاش­هاي بسياري از لحاظ علمي و سياست­گذاري صورت گرفته­است. نظريه­پردازان همواره در تلاش بودند تا الگوي معتبري براي تبيين عوامل توسعه كشف و عرضه نمايند. الگوهاي توسعه، ابتدا به انباشت سرمايه فيزيكي توجه داشتند. اما امروزه سرمايه­گذاري انساني و توانمندسازي مردم به عنوان اولويت اصلي در نظر گرفته مي­شود. در اقتصاد دانش­محور، سرمايه انساني اهميت بالايي دارد، زيرا توليدكننده دانش، همين سرمايه انساني و مردم هستند. از طرفي اين سرمايه انساني توجه را به سمت آموزش جلب مي­كند. زيرا سرمايه انساني بايد كارآمد و داراي مهارت بالا باشند. بنابراين آموزش نقش بسيار مهمي در دانش محور شدن جامعه ايفا مي­كند. آموزش بايد دائمي و فراگير باشد به گونه­اي كه موجب توليد دانش و نوآوري شود. توسعه پايدار نيز كه امروزه به موضوعي مهم براي جوامع تبديل شده، تنها رشد اقتصادي را نمي­پذيرد بلكه بر رشد اقتصادي پايدار در كنار حفاظت از محيط زيست، پايداري اجتماعي، توزيع عادلانه فرصت­ها، برقراري عدالت و كاهش فقر تأكيد دارد. براي تحقق توسعه پايدار بر مواردي هم­چون آموزش نيروي انساني، افزايش دانش و آگاهي مردم در جهت رشد در همه جنبه­هاي زندگي بخصوص رشد بهداشت و حفاظت از محيط زيست، افزايش دانش و پيشرفت تكنولوژي در جهت بهبود كارايي انرژي و كاهش مصرف سوخت­هاي فسيلي تأكيد مي­كند.  روش تحقيق در اين پايان­نامه به صورت توصيفي-تحليلي مي­باشد و مدل مفهومي پانل ديتا نيز به كار مي­رود. روش سنجي پانل ديتا براي كشورهاي در حال توسعه(ايران، كويت، پاكستان، اردن، سري­لانكا و لبنان) و كشورهاي توسعه يافته (كانادا، اسپانيا، ايالت متحده امريكا، فنلاند و دانمارك) در بازه زماني 1980-2015   با توجه به متغيرهاي patent (ثبت اختراع)، GDP سرانه، نرخ ثبت نام در آموزش دانشگاهي و متغيرهاي وابسته شدت انرژي و انتشار دي­اكسيد كربن سرانه انجام مي­شود كه نتيجه گرفته مي­شود كه ظرفيت­هاي اقتصاد دانش بنيان   بر تحقق توسعه پايدار اثر مي­گذارد.

Smuggling is always a problem for all economic period for the development of a healthy economy. Therefore, It is vital to fight and prevent smuggling. In Iran, every year a large amount of foreign goods smuggled entered and the group of valuable commodities such as gasoline is smuggled out of the country. In the meantime, Kermanshah province -with a common border with Iraq- has important role to deal with the phenomenon of smuggling in the country. Therefore, in this thesis investigates the smuggling and pores that hidden from experts and managers that fight with smuggling of experts, are. In this thesis, data collected from questionnaires and they analyzed by    software. The fundamental point in the questionnaire that is designed to be Fuzzy. Fuzzy logic or Fuzzy theory is a kind of logic that replace conclusions methods in the human brain. The results show that between executive and regulatory factors, economic, security and political and social and cultural as well as an increase in smuggling in the region is essential. The results show that between executive factors and regulatory factors, economic, security and political and social and cultural as well as an increase in smuggling in the province, has a essential role. In the first step to fight and prevent the smuggling of goods, should be coordination between the concerned authorities. This coordination can be cost-effective in fighting with smuggling and make progress. Other factors such as changes in regulations, creating appropriate economic structure, create the right culture and fight   with smugglers through police force will be the next step.

در اين مطالعه به بررسي تاثير ساختار بازار بر بهره وري و دستمزد نيروي كار با استفاده از روش گشتاور تعميم يافته پرداخته شده است. نتايج مطالعه حاكي از تاثير مثبت و معنادار تاثير ساختار بازار بر بهره وري و دستمزد نيروي كار است.

امروزه اقتصاد هاي مختلف، تجربه هاي زيادي در زمينه نوسانات اقتصادي بدست آورده اندكه شامل دوران هاي رونق و ركود اقتصادي مي باشد.با توجه به اين كه يكي از موضوع هاي بسيار با اهميت در حوزه اقتصاد كلان ،تثبيت اقتصادي ورسيدن به اهداف اصلي كلان اقتصادي از جمله   رشد اقتصادي،افزايش اشتغال و كاهش تورم مي باشد،بنابراين به منظور تحقق اين اهداف و كاهش زيان هاي ناشي از سيكل هاي تجاري، سياستگذاران و برنامه ريزان اقتصادي   همواره تلاش مي كنندتا با كنترل اين نوسانات اقتصادي تا حد ممكن اين اهداف را تحقق بخشند. بنابراين به منظور تحقق هرچه بيشتر اين اهداف، پيش بيني ادوار تجاري در اقتصاد كلان همواره داراي اهميت مي باشد و بخش مهمي از فرآيند تصميم گيري وسياست گذاري اقتصادي را در هر كشور تشكيل مي دهد.   در اين پژوهش از داده هاي فصلي طي دوره ي زماني بين سال هاي 1353تا1393 استفاده گرديده است و به منظور پيش بيني وقوع ركوداقتصادي 115 فصل را بعنوان مجموعه آموزش و به صورت نمونه گيري بدون جايگذاري و 49 فصل را به عنوان مجموعه آزمايش در نظر گرفته شده است.در اين پژوهش در مرحله اول ، ابتدا با توجه به مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمينه ادوار اقتصادي كشور ايران مجموعه اي از متغير هاي موثر بر بروز و پيش بيني اين ادوار معرفي مي گردد سپس با استفاده از تكنيك داده كاوي و روش طبقه بندي موثرترين متغير ها بر بروز اين ادوار شناسايي مي گردد. سپس در مرحله مدل سازي مدل درختان تقويت كننده، در ابتدا با توجه به مجموعه كل داده ها، پارامتر هاي تنظيم كننده   بر اساس معيار هاي دقت مدل Accuracyو kapa بر اساس بيشترين دقت و كمترين RMSE بهينه يابي شده ومناسب ترين مدل در مرحله ساختاري تنظيم مي گردد .سپس اين بهينه يابي در شرايط انتخاب موثرتن شاخص ها نيز صورت مي گيرد و مدل نهايي در زمينه پيش بيني ادوار اقتصادي تعيين مي گرد . در مرحله سوم   براساس بهينه يابي صورت گرفته از مدل و پارامتر هاي تنظيمي مدل، مدل نهايي پيش بيني تنظيم گرديده وفرآيند پيش بيني صورت مي گيرد ودر مرحله آخردقت پيش بيني هاي انجام شده توسط مدل نهايي   RTبه وسيله منحني ارزيابي عمليات گيرنده(ROC) ارزيابي مي گردد.كه نتايج نشان مي دهد كه مساحت سطح زير اين نمودار بالاي 70 درصد است و اين امر ملاكي از دقت بالاي پيش بيني مدل مي باشد . همچنين مدل BRT در مقايسه با دومدل پروبيت و پروبيت بيزين كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند دقت بيشتري دارد.  

امروزه اقتصاد هاي مختلف، تجربه هاي زيادي در زمينه نوسانات اقتصادي بدست آورده اندكه شامل دوران هاي رونق و ركود اقتصادي مي باشد.با توجه به اين كه يكي از موضوع هاي بسيار با اهميت در حوزه اقتصاد كلان ،تثبيت اقتصادي ورسيدن به اهداف اصلي كلان اقتصادي از جمله   رشد اقتصادي،افزايش اشتغال و كاهش تورم مي باشد،بنابراين به منظور تحقق اين اهداف و كاهش زيان هاي ناشي از سيكل هاي تجاري، سياستگذاران و برنامه ريزان اقتصادي   همواره تلاش مي كنندتا با كنترل اين نوسانات اقتصادي تا حد ممكن اين اهداف را تحقق بخشند. بنابراين به منظور تحقق هرچه بيشتر اين اهداف، پيش بيني ادوار تجاري در اقتصاد كلان همواره داراي اهميت مي باشد و بخش مهمي از فرآيند تصميم گيري وسياست گذاري اقتصادي را در هر كشور تشكيل مي دهد.   در اين پژوهش از داده هاي فصلي طي دوره ي زماني بين سال هاي 1353تا1393 استفاده گرديده است و به منظور پيش بيني وقوع ركوداقتصادي 115 فصل را بعنوان مجموعه آموزش و به صورت نمونه گيري بدون جايگذاري و 49 فصل را به عنوان مجموعه آزمايش در نظر گرفته شده است.در اين پژوهش در مرحله اول ، ابتدا با توجه به مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمينه ادوار اقتصادي كشور ايران مجموعه اي از متغير هاي موثر بر بروز و پيش بيني اين ادوار معرفي مي گردد سپس با استفاده از تكنيك داده كاوي و روش طبقه بندي موثرترين متغير ها بر بروز اين ادوار شناسايي مي گردد. سپس در مرحله مدل سازي مدل درختان تقويت كننده، در ابتدا با توجه به مجموعه كل داده ها، پارامتر هاي تنظيم كننده   بر اساس معيار هاي دقت مدل Accuracyو kapa بر اساس بيشترين دقت و كمترين RMSE بهينه يابي شده ومناسب ترين مدل در مرحله ساختاري تنظيم مي گردد .سپس اين بهينه يابي در شرايط انتخاب موثرتن شاخص ها نيز صورت مي گيرد و مدل نهايي در زمينه پيش بيني ادوار اقتصادي تعيين مي گرد . در مرحله سوم   براساس بهينه يابي صورت گرفته از مدل و پارامتر هاي تنظيمي مدل، مدل نهايي پيش بيني تنظيم گرديده وفرآيند پيش بيني صورت مي گيرد ودر مرحله آخردقت پيش بيني هاي انجام شده توسط مدل نهايي   RTبه وسيله منحني ارزيابي عمليات گيرنده(ROC) ارزيابي مي گردد.كه نتايج نشان مي دهد كه مساحت سطح زير اين نمودار بالاي 70 درصد است و اين امر ملاكي از دقت بالاي پيش بيني مدل مي باشد . همچنين مدل BRT در مقايسه با دومدل پروبيت و پروبيت بيزين كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند دقت بيشتري دارد.  

امروزه اقتصاد هاي مختلف، تجربه هاي زيادي در زمينه نوسانات اقتصادي بدست آورده اندكه شامل دوران هاي رونق و ركود اقتصادي مي باشد.با توجه به اين كه يكي از موضوع هاي بسيار با اهميت در حوزه اقتصاد كلان ،تثبيت اقتصادي ورسيدن به اهداف اصلي كلان اقتصادي از جمله   رشد اقتصادي،افزايش اشتغال و كاهش تورم مي باشد،بنابراين به منظور تحقق اين اهداف و كاهش زيان هاي ناشي از سيكل هاي تجاري، سياستگذاران و برنامه ريزان اقتصادي   همواره تلاش مي كنندتا با كنترل اين نوسانات اقتصادي تا حد ممكن اين اهداف را تحقق بخشند. بنابراين به منظور تحقق هرچه بيشتر اين اهداف، پيش بيني ادوار تجاري در اقتصاد كلان همواره داراي اهميت مي باشد و بخش مهمي از فرآيند تصميم گيري وسياست گذاري اقتصادي را در هر كشور تشكيل مي دهد.   در اين پژوهش از داده هاي فصلي طي دوره ي زماني بين سال هاي 1353تا1393 استفاده گرديده است و به منظور پيش بيني وقوع ركوداقتصادي 115 فصل را بعنوان مجموعه آموزش و به صورت نمونه گيري بدون جايگذاري و 49 فصل را به عنوان مجموعه آزمايش در نظر گرفته شده است.در اين پژوهش در مرحله اول ، ابتدا با توجه به مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمينه ادوار اقتصادي كشور ايران مجموعه اي از متغير هاي موثر بر بروز و پيش بيني اين ادوار معرفي مي گردد سپس با استفاده از تكنيك داده كاوي و روش طبقه بندي موثرترين متغير ها بر بروز اين ادوار شناسايي مي گردد. سپس در مرحله مدل سازي مدل درختان تقويت كننده، در ابتدا با توجه به مجموعه كل داده ها، پارامتر هاي تنظيم كننده   بر اساس معيار هاي دقت مدل Accuracyو kapa بر اساس بيشترين دقت و كمترين RMSE بهينه يابي شده ومناسب ترين مدل در مرحله ساختاري تنظيم مي گردد .سپس اين بهينه يابي در شرايط انتخاب موثرتن شاخص ها نيز صورت مي گيرد و مدل نهايي در زمينه پيش بيني ادوار اقتصادي تعيين مي گرد . در مرحله سوم   براساس بهينه يابي صورت گرفته از مدل و پارامتر هاي تنظيمي مدل، مدل نهايي پيش بيني تنظيم گرديده وفرآيند پيش بيني صورت مي گيرد ودر مرحله آخردقت پيش بيني هاي انجام شده توسط مدل نهايي   RTبه وسيله منحني ارزيابي عمليات گيرنده(ROC) ارزيابي مي گردد.كه نتايج نشان مي دهد كه مساحت سطح زير اين نمودار بالاي 70 درصد است و اين امر ملاكي از دقت بالاي پيش بيني مدل مي باشد . همچنين مدل BRT در مقايسه با دومدل پروبيت و پروبيت بيزين كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند دقت بيشتري دارد.  

امروزه اقتصاد هاي مختلف، تجربه هاي زيادي در زمينه نوسانات اقتصادي بدست آورده اندكه شامل دوران هاي رونق و ركود اقتصادي مي باشد.با توجه به اين كه يكي از موضوع هاي بسيار با اهميت در حوزه اقتصاد كلان ،تثبيت اقتصادي ورسيدن به اهداف اصلي كلان اقتصادي از جمله   رشد اقتصادي،افزايش اشتغال و كاهش تورم مي باشد،بنابراين به منظور تحقق اين اهداف و كاهش زيان هاي ناشي از سيكل هاي تجاري، سياستگذاران و برنامه ريزان اقتصادي   همواره تلاش مي كنندتا با كنترل اين نوسانات اقتصادي تا حد ممكن اين اهداف را تحقق بخشند. بنابراين به منظور تحقق هرچه بيشتر اين اهداف، پيش بيني ادوار تجاري در اقتصاد كلان همواره داراي اهميت مي باشد و بخش مهمي از فرآيند تصميم گيري وسياست گذاري اقتصادي را در هر كشور تشكيل مي دهد.   در اين پژوهش از داده هاي فصلي طي دوره ي زماني بين سال هاي 1353تا1393 استفاده گرديده است و به منظور پيش بيني وقوع ركوداقتصادي 115 فصل را بعنوان مجموعه آموزش و به صورت نمونه گيري بدون جايگذاري و 49 فصل را به عنوان مجموعه آزمايش در نظر گرفته شده است.در اين پژوهش در مرحله اول ، ابتدا با توجه به مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمينه ادوار اقتصادي كشور ايران مجموعه اي از متغير هاي موثر بر بروز و پيش بيني اين ادوار معرفي مي گردد سپس با استفاده از تكنيك داده كاوي و روش طبقه بندي موثرترين متغير ها بر بروز اين ادوار شناسايي مي گردد. سپس در مرحله مدل سازي مدل درختان تقويت كننده، در ابتدا با توجه به مجموعه كل داده ها، پارامتر هاي تنظيم كننده   بر اساس معيار هاي دقت مدل Accuracyو kapa بر اساس بيشترين دقت و كمترين RMSE بهينه يابي شده ومناسب ترين مدل در مرحله ساختاري تنظيم مي گردد .سپس اين بهينه يابي در شرايط انتخاب موثرتن شاخص ها نيز صورت مي گيرد و مدل نهايي در زمينه پيش بيني ادوار اقتصادي تعيين مي گرد . در مرحله سوم   براساس بهينه يابي صورت گرفته از مدل و پارامتر هاي تنظيمي مدل، مدل نهايي پيش بيني تنظيم گرديده وفرآيند پيش بيني صورت مي گيرد ودر مرحله آخردقت پيش بيني هاي انجام شده توسط مدل نهايي   RTبه وسيله منحني ارزيابي عمليات گيرنده(ROC) ارزيابي مي گردد.كه نتايج نشان مي دهد كه مساحت سطح زير اين نمودار بالاي 70 درصد است و اين امر ملاكي از دقت بالاي پيش بيني مدل مي باشد . همچنين مدل BRT در مقايسه با دومدل پروبيت و پروبيت بيزين كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند دقت بيشتري دارد.  

It is obvious that interest rate challenge as an important economic phenomenon has divided economists into different cam   and also answer to question that, what are interest rate nature and its formation and determination, has known as an important subject. In one view , interest rate is a monetary phenomenon that could be determine by money demand and supply, and in other view, it is a real phenomenon that could be determine by average prefer to saving and capital marginal productivity. Interest rate has retribution rule in economic growth promotion and there is an abundant struggle to regulate it into desirable level as a suitable policy in last decades.I  hy  hy; this research,to examine the relationship betwee  the interest rate and  macro  variable  ,  the impact of  these variable  o  economic growth to  a selection of  high - income  countrie  and low - income  hasexpressed  . For this purpose, we use SYS-GMM method during 2000-2014 periods.   The results shows that in low-income countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between real interest rate, inflation and investment with economic growth, and also openness, saving and economic participation rate has negative effects on economic growth. The results for high-income countries shows that inflation, investment, saving and economic participation rates has positive relationship with economic growth but real interest rate and economic openness has negative effect on economic growth.     

  With regard to the existence of adverse effects of increase in the price of imported goods on domestic price index and thus its impact on inflation, it is necessity to consider the internal and external determining factors in the economic policy.Considering the relationship betweeninflation and trade exchanges, economists believe that global communication reduces the role of external factors in the process of increasing inflation and the role of the internal factors. In this article, we investigate the transfer of international inflation among the countries, including Iran, the United Arab Emirates, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Turkey with the use of VAR models and the specified data.In this regard, the reliability of the variables is examined using Dickey Fuller test, and then reaction functions and shocks effects were examined using vector auto-regression (VAR) model. Based on immediate functions in the VAR model for the years 1194-2015, we found that unexpected changes in inflation of China had negative effects on inflation in other countries, but as China changes effects are short-term and related to consumed goods, its effects are less evident. Similarly, the shock to other countries has statistically significant economic impact. The results show the internal inflation is affected by variable of imported inflation. We concluded that among the countries surveyed, the UAE imposed the highest imported inflation on Iran. It is due the fact UAE acts as commercial broker between Iran and other countries.

  Nowadays, labor productivity, as one of the most important factors affecting economic growth and development, especially in developing countries, has been emphasized by many economists. Due to the relative abundance of labor compared to other factors of production in developing countries like the Islamic Republic of Iran, investigating the factors influencing it is considered as one of the most important research priorities in such countries. The term of contracts signed with the labor can affect the quality of his work and ultimately affect labor productivity. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to examine the impact of type of labor contracts on labor productivity. Therefore, to investigate this issue, the model was introduced firstly. Then, Auto-regression with distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate this model during 1986-2014. The results show that labor temporary contracts have negative effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term and permanent contracts have positive effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term. Human development variables, capital intensity, trade openness and governance indicators have positive effect on labor productivity in the long-term, but the variable of proportion of higher education employees to total employees has negative effect on labor productivity in the long-term.

  Inflation is continuing, disproportioned and irregular increasing in general level of monetary prices of products and services. The ample increase of consumption, growing the population of the developing countries, the shortage of raw materials and energy and so on, can be causes of inflation. For this reason, there is this belief that with doing the monetary policies and actions and performing the traditional solutions alone, we cant deal with inflation correctly and find a remedy way for it. But it is essential that its roots will be known and a way being offer with considering all factors. In this research, the relationship between inflation and economic added value and market added value and market total output was study. In order to study this subject, the sample contains 89 accepted companies on the Tehran stock Exchange in the time interval 1386-1394 years was investigated. This research is classified as a descriptive research and its method to test statistical hypotheses is analysis data in the form of compounds. The obtained results of the research indicate that in confidential level 88% with help “the remove of redundant variables” test and estimation of regression model, there is a significant positive relationship between inflation and economic value added and there is a negative and significant correlation between inflation and market added value and total stocks output. Given to the results of this research that shows a negative relationship between inflation and the total stock output and the market added value, it is suggested that investors during analysis of investment projects in securities and financial assets pay special attention to the relationships between these variables, because considering these important factors lead to the choice of the optimal investment portfolios with lower risk and higher returns.

  AbstractIn general, among different factors affecting economic growth, bank credit is of great significance. also, In Iran, due to existing shortcomings of financial market, bank resources is one of the crucial financial resources that is available for firms; since Economic growth requires resource and capital; the resource may be provided for different economic sectors, either by banks or financial institutions, in terms of facilities. Banks with giving facilities provide resources from surplus units to units that they   are need to financial resources for doing economic affairs and it causes to make easy economic activities, increase investment, production and employment. Therefore, banks performance in lending has a significant impact on production and economic growth and vibrations in access to credits, cause to appear disorder in society. Thus, it is necessary the optimal allocation of resources between the various economic sections and reaching this important something need to know affective factors on granted credits by banks. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting credits granted by banks to the private sector in Iran during 1982-2015. To do so, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) is used. In this study, the effects of total domestic deposits, foreign liabilities of banking system, real lending interest rates, reserve requirements rate, ratio of broad money to GDP, real GDP, and inflation rate on credits granted by banks to the private sector is reviewed. The findings suggest that variables such as domestic deposits and real GDP positively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector while legal reserve rate and foreign liabilities of banking system negatively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector. Also, variables such as real lending interest rates, ratio of broad money to GDP and inflation rate have no effect on the credits granted by banks to the private sector.Keywords: bank credit, Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), Iran.

Electrical energy is one of the major carriers in the country’s economic growth and development, so it is necessary, as well as other sources of energy used properly. The household sector in Iran for a significan proportion of the power consumption, hence the comprehensive planning and effective policies in order to save electricity consumption, improve life   indicator   households and increasing public welfare is very important. In this study carried out by the description of government policies in the field of optimization domestic consumption of electricity, analysis and administrative problems identified the reasons for the deficiency of the policies. Timeframe research executive years second program until the middle of the fifth development program (1995-2013). The study also in order to collect data   and   information required to use the technique documentary studies and benefiting from quality content analysis method of bottlenecks and problems of the executed policies and analysis. The investigation of used shows that some problems such as lack of domestic electricity tariff reform with an increase in the cost of all, the lack of systematic oversight on how the standardization of household electrical equipment and lack of attention to standards and criteria industrialized countries in this context, the failure of the concept of building national regulations, numerous shortcomings in the system of building engineering and orientation of wrong policy system for stable culture caused despite numerous policy and planning, significant success in the field of domestic electricity consumption is not achieved. The final results of the study also showed that in order to adopt effective policies in future plans, special emphasis policy-makers on employing requirements such as the gradual elimination of the subsidies paid to the high consumption subscribers and attention to incremental-cascade system in electricity tariff reform, supporting the creation of reference laboratories in order to compulsory standards of energy consumption and investment and technological communications with developed countries and pioneer in standardization, the transfer up to date information and expertise from the engineering system organization to electricity engineers with holding training courses on a regular basis and periodically, and reform norms and electricity consumption patterns in the framework of cultural engineering will be very important.  

  This study examines barriers to economic growth on a growth pattern called Chasmas tripartite model and time series data from 1350 to 1390 is used.Dickey-Fuller test, Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron stationary variable and also test for parasites integration and Granger [1] for the long-term relationship between variables is used.The OLS method for estimating equations were used.The results will be analyzed gradually.

  AbstractSubsidy reform of energy carriers in subsidies reform plan model according to native conditions, diplomatic protection, social protection tools, proper executive capacities, subsidies reform speed and selecting proper time to reform subsidy will have different effects on macro variables of economy.Energy consumption variables, economic growth, Inflation and unemployment are economic Macro variables that are effected by subsidy reform of energy carriers in subsidies reform plan Model.Quantitative and exact estimation of energy subsidies reform effect on these variables based on scientific Methods has a special importance that addressed in this thesis.In this research, by using of time series data 1364-1393 age and co-collective Method in econometrics, dynamic self-explanation models with distributive interruptions and error reform tools. Effects of energy subsidy reform on energy consumption variables, economic growth, unemployment and inflation in long-term and short-term estimated for Iran economy.Findings from long-term and short-term model of energy subsidy reform effect on energy consumption show that there is a negative meaningful relation between energy cost and energy consumption and positive and meaningful relation between paid real subsidy and energy consumption in Iran.Results from short-term and long-term model estimation of energy subsidy reform effect on economic growth show that there is a positive and meaningful relation between economic growth and energy cost and also paid real subsidy coefficient in short-term and long-term is smaller than 1.Findings from short-term and long-term model estimation of energy subsidy reform effect on unemployment rate show that variable coefficient of energy cost in short-term and long-term is negative and meaningful and also tensional.Results from short-term and long-term model estimation of energy subsidy reform effect on inflation rate show that energy cost coefficient in short-term and long-term is smaller than1 and from another side, paid real subsidy variable coefficient in short-term and long-term is negative and meaningful.Also error correction coefficient for energy consumption models, economic growth, unemployment and inflation respectively is equal to -0/98, -0/85, -0/76, -1/0.Keywords: subsidy reform – energy carriers – energy consumption - economic growth – inflation rate – unemployment rate – self explanation with distributive interruption

 This study is paid to estimate of markup and return to scale of 19 Iranian manufacturing industries in two-digit ISIC codes during 1995-2007, simultaneously. For this purpose, used Structural approach. In this approach, according to Lopez et al. (2002) model, estimates product demands, prices (supply) and input demands equations in the form Simultaneou  Equations System, considering to panel data and non-linear Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). The results indicated that 79% Iranian manufacturing industries of price is more than marginal cost significantly. Also, 53% Iranian industries are experiencing increasing return to scale significantly.